Developing Policies for Sport Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Extra-curricular activities at school mostly consist of sporting activities. It develops a spirit of teamwork, discipline, coordination, and confidence among students. Sporting activities warrants a substantial place. Prominent events such as the World Cup and Olympics can be important tools in enhancing understanding among countries. Economic Development and SportsSporting activities and events bring a great deal of employment, marketing and growth opportunities to countries. It creates additional sources of revenue for a country by adding extra streams of income. These income streams include hosting a sporting event, developing infrastructure, offering sport-related services and manufacturing of sports goods. Training and coaching of the young prospect workforce is another aspect of economic growth and development. (World Economic Forum, n.d. ) According to USAID, the UN system and Albanian Olympic Committee, several workshops and programs are conducted in Albania to promote sport ing activities which help a great deal in contributing to the youth development and economic development. (USAID-From the American People, n.d. )Sporting Goods and International TradeIn developing countries, the production of sporting goods is done on a huge scale. The manufacturing and trade of sporting goods increase the exports of developing or underdeveloped countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Policies for Sport or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Discourage Negative BehaviorAs discussed earlier, sporting activities discourage abusive, negative and destructive behavior. From the ages of 11-19, there is a higher probability of young generation to get involved in negative and destructive habits but if they are involved in sports then there are much lower chances of teenagers to get involved in such companies and habits. Integration with Disabled PeopleIf disabled people participate in sports, then it can lead to the shift in the perception of the public towards disability. People will focus more on commonality and ability rather than differences and discrimination. Sports programs, integrating non-disabled, as well as disabled people, can be commenced so as to support this concern.

Consumer Change Environment - 1199 Words

The truck travels down the highway. In a refrigerated cabin, produce bounces in its crates. Its been several days, and there are still more to go before the vehicle reaches its final destination. By the time the food arrives, its days old and has traveled more than most people. As it fills the store shelves, the harsh white rays of the supermarket lights reflect off its pesticide coated surface. There has been an awakening. Every day, more and more people demand fresher produce from providers and are frustrated with the wasteful industrial cycle used to produce their food. Consumers are ready for change and are anxious to commit their part. Consumers can change the environment for the better if they move to support local farms and†¦show more content†¦Produce travels all over the country and the world before it ends up on grocery store shelves, contributing greatly to the carbon emissions in the worlds atmosphere. Because farmers markets buy local, transportation emissions a re greatly reduced, as the food doesnt travel nearly as far before it reaches its final destination. Furthermore, consumers can support their environment by encouraging store owners to purchase from sustainable providers. Many communities have Buy Local movements that exist to pressure communities and companies to buy local, and joining these movements organizes peoples voices together to push grocers into going local. Other consumers have moved to purchasing only from locally sourced outlets, not purchasing from retailers that import their produce. Groups and individuals are also calling vendors directly and explaining to them the cost benefits of switching to locally sourced produce. The shorter distance between local farms and grocery stores not only keeps emissions down but is much cheaper to transport. Many corporations have already caught onto the message and are starting to go local. In 2008, Walmart announced that it had begun partnering with local farms to source more local fruits and vegetables, saying, Offering local produce has been a Walmart priority for years, and were taking it to a new level will our pledge to grow our partnerships with local farmers. Were committedShow MoreRelatedChanging Market Environment1642 Words   |  7 PagesChanges in the Marketing Environment and its Implications The word â€Å"Marketing† refers to an activity that is strategically concerned with the management of relationship among an organization and environment. Environment could be described as an internal and external condition to an organization. Internal Environment consists of situational factors that are present within the organizational boundaries whereas external environment consists of any factors or conditions that are not under the controlRead MoreThe Importance Of A Consumer Centric Approach1500 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Orientations also called as Consumer Centric Approach which aims to put consumers at the heart of business, all activities of the organizations must base on customers. Managers will take account into the needs and wants of consumers before making any decisions. As customers had become more knowledgeable, therefore, most markets are moving towards a more marketing orientated approach. This essay aims to outline and explore the importance of a Consum er Centric Approach in Marketing, this paperRead MoreConsumer Decision Making : Consumer Behavior1596 Words   |  7 Pages7210 Advanced Consumer Decision Making Consumer Behavior Paper Dolly Bhatia- S2920622 Prof. Dr. Nigel Pope An analysis of Consumer Behavior towards Green Products Section A Enjoying a new prominent place in the mainstream culture is the use of Green products. According to me, there has been a change in my consumer values concerning these products ever since problems like global warming or climate change have created a buzz. In my opinion buying less environmentallyRead MoreHow Can Remedy Of Eco Labeled Products So That They Match Consumers? Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain how we can remedy each of the causes in the previous section in order to close the â€Å"green gap†. By finding possible solutions to these causes I will discuss possible ways to increase purchases of eco-labeled products so that they match consumers’ survey results and intent. A commonly discussed solution would be to internalize the price of environmental degradation into the price of all goods, so they are priced accurately. This would eliminate economic negative externalities. This wouldRead MoreThe Factors That Impact Pepsico And Their Customers Environment1391 Words   |  6 Pagescustomer’s such as the economic environment, socio-cultural environment, technological environment, global environment and the competitive environment as well as governmental regulations. Economic Environment The economic environment impacts the way in which consumers purchase goods and services. Many factors affect the economy, such as inflation, foreign currency fluctuations, interest rates and the unemployment rate. (Grewal, 2015) When the economy is doing well consumers are more apt to spend freelyRead MoreScientific Evidence For Warming Of The Climate System Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesintergovernmental panel on climate change (â€Å"Climate Change Evidence†). This climate change has caused sea levels to rise, temperatures to rise, oceans to warm and rise, ice sheets to melt, and extreme weather events along with many other impacts. 97% of scientists believe global warming is caused by humans and it needs to be addressed (Scientific Consensus†). Countries and individuals have been trying to help on whatever level they can. Individuals are making small and easy changes in their daily lives toRead MoreCustomer Service At Apple, Inc.966 Words   |  4 Pagesinstrum ental in driving the performance of organizations thereby transforming the strategic objectives into a set of performance measures as noted by Kaplan and Norton (2005). As such, Apple, Inc. designs and designs technology and electronics to suit consumer needs and meet shareholder objectives that has led to the success of the company and cemented it as a market leader in the industry. The Customer Service Perspective Customer service involves the willingness and ability of an organization to caterRead MorePerception of Green Product1387 Words   |  6 Pagesmainly to ‘green’ consumers. In a theoretical exposition of marketing theory, we find that green marketing could learn from conventional marketing in discovering other means than labelling to promote green products. Examples include addressing a wider range of consumers, working with the positioning strategies of price, place and promotion and actively engaging in market creation. http://www.sciencedirect.com Green Marketing: A Challenge or an Opportunity in the Global Environment The earlierRead MoreCsr And How It Affects The Bottom Line1388 Words   |  6 Pages now more prevalent than ever before. With the growing global concerns over the environment, taking effective and necessary steps in implementing CSR will prove beneficial, protecting the environment while driving profits. Consumer awareness is the new growing trend, shoppers want a better, new and improved product, information about where these products were manufactured and how production effects the environment and the economic status of their community. We cannot continue to mass produce withoutRead MoreHow The Marketing Environment Globally Changed Over The Last Ten Years1547 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing environment globally changed over the last ten years. How have these changes impacted on the role of the marketing manager? What impact have these changes had on the concept of ‘customer value creation’? From last 10 years marketing management environment has changed radically as a result of major forces such as globalisation, technological advances, competition, deregulation, privatisation, customer buying power and customer awareness.(kotler keller, 2012). These changes raised new

Deception Point Page 50 Free Essays

With calm bred from the performance of countless executions, Delta-One dialed a ten-second delay into the grenade’s screw-dial, slid out the pin, and threw the grenade down into the chasm. The bomb plummeted into the darkness and disappeared. Then Delta-One and his partner cleared back up onto the top of the berm and waited. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 50 or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would be a sight to behold. Even in her delirious state of mind, Rachel Sexton had a very good idea what the attackers had just dropped into the crevasse. Whether Michael Tolland also knew or whether he was reading the fear in her eyes was unclear, but she saw him go pale, shooting a horrified glance down at the mammoth slab of ice on which they were stranded, clearly realizing the inevitable. Like a storm cloud lit by an internal flash of lightning, the ice beneath Rachel illuminated from within. The eerie white translucence shot out in all directions. For a hundred yards around them, the glacier flashed white. The concussion came next. Not a rumble like an earthquake, but a deafening shock wave of gut-churning force. Rachel felt the impact tearing up through the ice into her body. Instantly, as if a wedge had been driven between the ice shelf and the block of ice supporting them, the cliff began to shear off with a sickening crack. Rachel’s eyes locked with Tolland’s in a freeze-frame of terror. Corky let out a scream nearby. The bottom dropped out. Rachel felt weightless for an instant, hovering over the multimillion-pound block of ice. Then they were riding the iceberg down-plummeting into the frigid sea. 56 The deafening grating of ice against ice assaulted Rachel’s ears as the massive slab slid down the face of the Milne Ice Shelf, sending towering plumes of spray into the air. As the slab splashed downward, it slowed, and Rachel’s previously weightless body crashed down onto the top of the ice. Tolland and Corky landed hard nearby. As the block’s downward momentum plunged it deeper into the sea, Rachel could see the foaming surface of the ocean racing upward with a kind of taunting deceleration, like the ground beneath a bungee-jumper whose cord was a few feet too long. Rising†¦ rising†¦ and then it was there. Her childhood nightmare was back. The ice†¦ the water†¦ the darkness. The dread was almost primal. The top of the slab slipped below the waterline, and the frigid Arctic Ocean poured over the edges in a torrent. As the ocean rushed in all around her, Rachel felt herself sucked under. The bare skin on her face tightened and burned as the saltwater hit. The flooring of ice disappeared beneath her, and Rachel fought her way back to the surface, buoyed by the gel in her suit. She took in a mouthful of saltwater, sputtering to the surface. She could see the others floundering nearby, all of them tangled in tethers. Just as Rachel righted herself, Tolland yelled out. â€Å"It’s coming back up!† As his words echoed above the tumult, Rachel felt an eerie upwelling in the water beneath her. Like a massive locomotive straining to reverse direction, the slab of ice had groaned to a stop underwater and was now beginning its ascent directly beneath them. Fathoms below, a sickening low frequency rumble resonated upward through the water as the gigantic submerged sheet began scraping its way back up the face of the glacier. The slab rose fast, accelerating as it came, swooping up from the darkness. Rachel felt herself rising. The ocean roiled all around as the ice met her body. She scrambled in vain, trying to find her balance as the ice propelled her skyward along with millions of gallons of seawater. Buoying upward, the giant sheet bobbed above the surface, heaving and teetering, looking for its center of gravity. Rachel found herself scrambling in waist-deep water across the enormous, flat expanse. As the water began pouring off the surface, the current swallowed Rachel and dragged her toward the edge. Sliding, splayed flat on her stomach, Rachel could see the edge looming fast. Hold on! Rachel’s mother’s voice was calling the same way it had when Rachel was just a child floundering beneath the icy pond. Hold on! Don’t go under! The wrenching yank on her harness expelled what little air Rachel had left in her lungs. She jerked to a dead stop only yards from the edge. The motion spun her in place. Ten yards away, she could see Corky’s limp body, still tethered to her, also jolting to a stop. They had been flowing off the sheet in opposite directions and his momentum had stopped her. As the water ran off and grew more shallow, another dark form appeared over near Corky. He was on his hands and knees, grasping Corky’s tether and vomiting saltwater. Michael Tolland. As the last of the wake drained past her and flowed off the iceberg, Rachel lay in terrified silence, listening to the sounds of the ocean. Then, feeling the onset of deadly cold, she dragged herself onto her hands and knees. The ‘berg was still bobbing back and forth, like a giant ice cube. Delirious and in pain, she crawled back toward the others. High above on the glacier, Delta-One peered through his night-vision goggles at the water churning around the Arctic Ocean’s newest tabular iceberg. Although he saw no bodies in the water, he was not surprised. The ocean was dark, and his quarry’s weather suits and skullcaps were black. As he passed his gaze across the surface of the enormous floating sheet of ice, he had a hard time keeping it in focus. It was receding quickly, already heading out to sea in the strong offshore currents. He was about to turn his gaze back to the sea when he saw something unexpected. Three specks of black on the ice. Are those bodies? Delta-One tried to bring them into focus. â€Å"See something?† Delta-Two asked. Delta-One said nothing, focusing in with his magnifier. In the pale tint of the iceberg, he was stunned to see three human forms huddled motionless on the island of ice. Whether they were alive or dead, Delta-One had no idea. It hardly mattered. If they were alive, even in weather suits, they’d be dead within the hour; they were wet, a storm was coming in, and they were drifting seaward into one of the most deadly oceans on the planet. Their bodies would never be found. â€Å"Just shadows,† Delta-One said, turning from the cliff. â€Å"Let’s get back to base.† 57 Senator Sedgewick Sexton set his snifter of Courvoisier on the mantelpiece of his Westbrook apartment and stoked the fire for several moments, gathering his thoughts. The six men in the den with him sat in silence now†¦ waiting. The small talk was over. It was time for Senator Sexton to make his pitch. They knew it. He knew it. Politics was sales. Establish trust. Let them know you understand their problems. â€Å"As you may know,† Sexton said, turning toward them, â€Å"over the past months, I have met with many men in your same position.† He smiled and sat down, joining them on their level. â€Å"You are the only ones I have ever brought into my home. You are extraordinary men, and I am honored to meet you.† Sexton folded his hands and let his eyes circle the room, making personal contact with each of his guests. Then he focused in on his first mark-the heavyset man in the cowboy hat. â€Å"Space Industries of Houston,† Sexton said. â€Å"I’m glad you came.† The Texan grunted. â€Å"I hate this town.† â€Å"I don’t blame you. Washington has been unfair to you.† The Texan stared out from beneath the rim of his hat but said nothing. â€Å"Twelve years back,† Sexton began, â€Å"you made an offer to the U.S. government. You proposed to build them a U.S. space station for a mere five billion dollars.† â€Å"Yeah, I did. I still have the blueprints.† â€Å"And yet NASA convinced the government that a U.S. space station should be a NASA project.† â€Å"Right. NASA started building almost a decade ago.† How to cite Deception Point Page 50, Essay examples

Triggers of the Economic Currency Crisis-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: A number of currency crises have affected certain countries, which have also resulted in contagion in the sense that the crises affected neighboring countries. In a critical essay, select a country (or countries) affected by a speci?c currency crisis. Analyze the source of the crisis and the speci?c resolution of the issue. Indicate whether the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or another sovereign state or country provided intervention. Has the country's economy recovered since the conclusion of the crisis? Answer: Candelon, Dumitrescu Hurlin (2014) mentioned that Currency crisis refers to the condition in which doubts arise with the sufficient amount of foreign exchange reserves which is required to maintain the countrys foreign exchange rates. Such crisis might start in one country but the effect can be felt in the neighboring countries too. Currency crisis might be accompanied by provisional hit in the foreign exchange market. There might be a number of causes behind currency crisis. The basic general cause of currency crisis is the failure of central bank to continue with a fixed rate in the floating condition of foreign currency. This particular essay will deal with the currency crisis of Zimbabwe and Malaysia by focusing on the sources and methods of mitigation. The decline in the value of a countrys currency affects the national economy in a negative way because instability occurs in the rate of exchange. It can be simply stated that the currency crisis takes place as an interface betwe en the expectations of the investors and the probable outcome of those expectations (Abdullah Chan, 2016). One of the most important incidents in the history of Malaysian economy was the Asian Financial Crisis. Baharumshah, MacDonald Mohd (2017) stated that this event had resulted in the shrinking of Malaysias GDP to a great extent. In 1996 the countrys GDP was US$ 100.8 billion but it was declined to US$72.2 billion within two years. As a result of that, Bank Negara in Malaysia had attached the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to US$ to put on capital controls. The Malaysian currency crisis occurred in 1997-98 which had three prime options. These variations were- moral hazard driven lending, currency crisis due to bank run and the implication of balance sheet in currency depreciation. The main causes of the Malaysian crisis can be categorized as following- Macroeconomic disparity and structural deformation Abrupt shifts in market potential and assurance Deficiency in current account and composition of foreign liabilities Constant exchange rates and the overvalue of currencies No proper state model Unexpected alteration in external environment No proper supervision or norms and policies about the countrys finance Ethical risk Innate defects in the worldwide economic structure (Ramli, Ismail Wooi, 2015) The causes mentioned above were widely discussed by Yang (2013) after the Malaysian currency crisis which had put an impact on the neighboring countries of Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand. The short term debt of these countries as a percentage of total debt became 61, 58 and 65 respectively. Similarly their current account deficit became -3.62, -6.02 and -2.35 in 1997. In terms of foreign reserves, the short term debt as percentage became 176.59, 79.45 and 99.69 in 1996. In the course of discussion regarding the currency crisis the conditionality of IMF or International Monetary Fund was taken into consideration. Harvie Van Hoa (2016) reflected that the International Monetary Fund intervened in the crisis situation by giving suggestions to tighten the macroeconomic policies, financial sector reform and real sector reform. The government had taken up three measures to resolve the issue of currency crisis- freezing the external ringgit account, introduction of the 12- month rule and adjusting the exchange rate at 3.80 RM/$. It has been two decades since the financial crisis in Malaysia but the causes of the crisis are still debatable. According to Goh McNown (2015) in the year 1997 during the financial crisis, the Bank of Thailand had refused to intervene in the matter in order to protect the Thai currency Baht from the US$. At that point of time the foreign reserves tremendously declined which opened way for the Malaysian crisis. With the occurrence of the crisis, there were differences in the reaction and approach initiated for resolving the crisis situation. Majority of the population was ready to respond to the financial crisis but there were some who did not take the situation seriously by mentioning about the sound financial system in the bank. Establishment of Danaharta as an asset management company was one of the preventative measures taken in response to the crisis. It was set up with the intention of regaining profits by the bank by removing the bad assets and integrating the good parts of the bank with other banks. Malaysia had made use of a distinctive feature which had allowed them to pay a very low amount of penalty for the crisis. They had not only dealt with the financial institutions but also discussed with the borrowers regarding the restricting of debts in the country. Pouresmaeili (2015) agreed that the cost of the crisis in Malaysia was really low due to the defensive action that was taken. Moreover, they did not increase the rate of interest as suggested by the International Monetary Fund. The country had to go through a lot of pressure for raising the interest rates by 5% but they did not consider it as a potential solution because it did not involve the approximate hit on the currency. Due to the rejection of the IMFs suggestion Malaysia was also saved from the huge extent of economic loss which could have destroyed them otherwise. The measures that the country took in face of the crisis increased their economy by 7 percent in 1999. At present Malaysia has both capacity and ability. They have got hold of their surveillance mechanism which has helped them to get a prior idea about the source of fund flow. Twenty years back they did not have access to such information and that is why they could not resist the crisis of currency. Currently, the Malaysian currency ringgit has come back to the range of 4 which is below the ringgit 3- 80 peg (Yang, 2013). The ringgit does not hamper the basics if the financial structure nowadays but there might be other factors such as confidence and contamination. With regard to the financial crisis, it can be stated that Malaysia has attained a significant progress by implementing the changes better than other countries that have also faced similar disaster. The approaches that were accepted by Malaysia to alleviate the issues of bad loans and reshape the banks indulged government policies and thus pace and consistency were counted as benefits. Even though the financial crisis of Malaysia became a major event but the currency crisis of Zimbabwe was no less in comparison. Within the same time frame of 1991- 1996, the Rhodesian Dollar was replaced by the Zimbabwean dollar at par value. At that time period, President Robert Mugabe went for the Economic Structural Adjustment Program or ESAP in the government of Zimbabwean Zanu-PF to put negative impact on the countrys economy (Abel Mudzonga, 2016). Currency crisis in the two countries totally juxtapose each other. The banking sector always plays the role of an agent in the countrys economy and this process is known as financial mediation. Yang (2013) mentioned that this term refers to the collection of extra deposits and lending to the borrowers. These extra deposits can either be short term, medium term, long term, definite or flexible with call. Therefore the total banking system is strictly supervised by the Reserve bank for keeping a track of the economic stability and assurance in the banking system. To discuss ad compare between the two crises about the finance and banking of Zimbabwe the probable causes of the financial crisis in the country has been found out (Brixiov Ncube, 2014). The reasons behind the loss of trust in the banking sector are given as follows- Indigenization: The dispute in the government regarding the policy of indigenization and almost no consistency about the matter aroused panic and fear among the investors as well as the depositors. Payment of war veteran transfers: Mugabe had to avoid a probable deadly situation and paid an unemployment benefit of $6.4 million for the children of the war veterans. Tobacco farmers: With the beginning of the tobacco marketing season the government had implemented the rule of opening of bank accounts for all the farmers. Those bank accounts were then hit with funds to fulfill the recurrent expenditure including the spread out payment of bonus and incentives. The Lima agreement: An agreement was signed with the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and AfDB in the capital of Peru where Finance Minister of Zimbabwe, Chinamasa promised to pay the amount of $1.8 billion arrears in the next 3 months. Real Time Gross Settlement or RTGS: The government had hit on all the funds at the Reserve Bank for paying off the financial liabilities thus affecting the liquidity of banking sector (Chidakwa Chigumira, 2016). Public borrowing: The government has issued treasury bills of amount $2 billion but the entire amount was rolled over at maturity which affected the cash flow of the banks. Illegal financial outflow: The combination of corruption, lack of clarity and transparency and liability pricked the financial revenue. Weak revenue performance: With the shutting down of the companies there were fluctuations in revenue collections. The growth was stagnant and production was also hampered. Zanu PF implosion: The infighting of Zanu PF has not at all been beneficial for the situation rather it has resulted in risk of functionality of the government and the national economy was left to freeze. Weakening trade deficit: the current national balance had been affected due to the devaluation of Rand. The twin relationship of trade and budget deficit has posed to be a problem. Levy (2014) opposed that the government has experienced insignificant revenues which had way out of excessive borrowing and make use of the overdraft facility that was introduced by the Treasury Bills to raise funds. The effect of this system was explained by IMF as there will be increase in banking deposits due to these transactions. However, the transactions would increase without an associated increase in the amount of US dollars that will be available in cash. The Zimbabwean governments stretchable economic policies are responsible for the shortage in national cash. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand has found out the major problem to be the lack of political influence in the operational activities. Kararach Otieno (2016) contradicted that the central bank can come up with policies which are meant for reviving the economy and not helping the political agendas. To resolve the currency issues Zimbabwe must make a clear decision on the use of currency in order to prevent the ongoing issue of liquidity in the country. The International Monetary fund has played its role in the global financial crisis and made strategic implications for being the international lender and handle issues of the economically affected countries such as Zimbabwe. The IMF has reacted to the global crisis and has set up financial help within an economy for those who seek financial assistance (Dube Chipumho, 2016). The neighboring countries of Zimbabwe have also faced the impact of currency crisis such as Zambia, South Africa and Botswana. The steps taken by the International Monetary Fund created sustainable solutions for further lending among the countries going through major financial distress. Similar to Malaysia, Zimbabwe had also participated in the ESAF structure of IMF. The reform programs that were developed by the government had a negative impact on the agro, social, traditional sector of the country and also affected the foreign exchange. Stoeffler et al., (2016) went against the former crisis as the IMF policies were not helpful for Zimbabwe as it could not improve the economic condition. This has resulted in the decline of the countrys GDP and per capita income and experienced huge debt. Even in the present day, poverty and unemployment have been the dominant factors in the country. Poverty rates in 2007 were about 80% whereas unemployment rate of 95% was worlds highest in 2009. In 2017 too, the economic imbalances lie in the heart of the countrys financial crisis. The cash deficit was mostly financed from the domestic markets because the external arrears stopped Zimbabwe from accessing the international markets of capitalization. Financial expansion in 2015- 16 enhanced only short term growth but the resources to aid long term development were reduced. Zimbabwe is still lagging behind in terms of development due to their financial crisis (Ngwenya et al., 2016). There it can be summed up by pointing out the two extr eme effects of the two countries due to currency crisis. References Candelon, B., Dumitrescu, E. I., Hurlin, C. (2014). Currency crisis early warning systems: Why they should be dynamic.International Journal of Forecasting,30(4), 1016-1029. Abdullah, M. A., Chan, R. K. (2016). Foreign Labor In The Midst Of The Asian Economic Crisis: Early Experiences From Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan And Singapore.Jurnal Kinabalu (eJK),4. Baharumshah, A. Z., MacDonald, R., Mohd, S. H. (2017). Exchange rates in Singapore and Malaysia: are they driven by the same fundamentals?.Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies,47(2), 123-141. Ramli, N. A., Ismail, M. T., Wooi, H. C. (2015). Measuring the accuracy of currency crisis prediction with combined classifiers in designing early warning system.Machine Learning,101(1-3), 85-103. Yang, L. (2013). Volatility spillovers among the US and Asian stock markets: A comparison between the periods of Asian currency crisis and subprime credit crisis. Harvie, C., Van Hoa, T. (2016).The causes and impact of the Asian financial crisis. Springer. Goh, S. K., McNown, R. (2015). Examining the exchange rate regimemonetary policy autonomy nexus: Evidence from Malaysia.International Review of Economics Finance,35, 292-303. Pouresmaeili, H. (2015). Malaysia's commodity export performance during Asian currency crisis and US subprime mortgage crisis.International Journal of Trade and Global Markets,8(1), 27-41. Abel, S., Mudzonga, E. (2016). The Performance of the Tourism Sector in Zimbabwe during the 200008 Economic Crisis.Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008, 85. Brixiov, Z., Ncube, M. (2014). The Real Exchange Rate and Growth in Zimbabwe: Does the Currency Regime Matter?. Chidakwa, A. M., Chigumira, G. (2016). Pre-crisis macroeconomic performance and triggers of the economic crisis in Zimbabwe.Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008, 23. Levy, L. K. (2014). Sanctions against Zimbabwe.Assessing Barack Obamas Africa Policy: Suggestions for Him and African Leaders, 175. Kararach, G., Otieno, R. O. (Eds.). (2016).Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008. Oxford University Press. Dube, C., Chipumho, E. (2016). Response of the Manufacturing Sector to the Zimbabwe Economic Crisis.Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008, 55. Stoeffler, Q., Alwang, J., Mills, B., Taruvinga, N. (2016). Multidimensional poverty in crisis: Lessons from Zimbabwe.The Journal of Development Studies,52(3), 428-446. Ngwenya, B., Chiwawa, D., Ngwenya, B., Chiwawa, D. (2016). Impact of liquidity crisis on banks response towards corporate social responsibility: A Case Study of Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe (CBZ) Ltd Harare period (2009-2014).Int J Res Rep,2(2), 55-64.

Ethical Dilemma

Introduction An ethical dilemma is a situation where people are forced to make a choice between two options available to them. It is necessary to explain that regardless of the option an individual takes both options have negative consequences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the individual chooses an option that have few negative impacts on the event or people involved (Adair 2013). This essay uses an ethical dilemma case study to illustrate the issues involved in this context and how they are managed without causing a lot of harm to all the parties involved. Example of an Ethical Dilemma Engrave Computers is a technology based company that specializes in producing software that enable managers to monitor the performance of employees and predict their productivity. This software also gives companies opportunities to explore various issues that affect the performance of employees and propose solutions to these challenges. I am the manager of this company and Ben has been very influential in developing this software. The company does not demand that employees should hand over their production rights and other patent requirements to it; in fact, it encourages its workers to be creative and invent software that will boost its sales and retain the right to distribute, sell, share or change the particulars of their inventions (Thomas 2010). The company gives workers this privilege to motivate them to continue rendering their services without feeling the company or managers are misusing their talents. The company is registered to take part in an international exhibition where the winner is awarded a quarter of its working capital and offered a free one year advertising space in an international broadcasting channel. I am confident that Ben will make the company proud since he has always won this contest. On the other hand, this company exp erienced significant losses last year because most employees reported to work late or were absent without seeking permission from the human resource management (Pollock 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, an urgent meeting was convened and it was agreed that absenteeism and lateness will not be tolerated and anyone culpable will be suspended for three months. Workers were requested to read the new regulation and append their signatures to show that they agreed on the terms stated by the human resource department. Last week the company secretary was suspended since she failed to observe this regulation and this was a warning that no one will be spared. Ben reported to work yesterday after being absent for four days and claims that he was not feeling well. Everybody is keen watching what will happen to him as pressure continues to pile on the human resource department to ta ke corrective measures against him (Saaty 2011). However, this department felt that this case was beyond its abilities and forwarded the matter to my department. I forwarded the issue to the board of directors but I was directed to solve it within 24 hours. Dilemmas This situation was not as easy as it looked due to the considerations that I had to observe before taking any step. There were challenges regarding all alternatives available to me at that moment. First, being a manager means I had to a stake step that would ensure the operations if the company would not be affected. This means that the operations of the company would go on despite the measures I would have taken. Secondly, I was supposed to show other employees that no one is above the policies of this company and if anyone commits a mistake the individual must be punished. Thirdly, it was necessary to show employees that I was committed to implement the policies regarding lateness and absenteeism (Arthur 2009). The hum an resource department had suspended the secretary and thus I was supposed to follow the same path. Lastly, I was supposed to ensure that the company participates in the oncoming exhibition since it had already confirmed its participation. Ethical Steps The policies of this company were changed to ensure that an employee who comes late is suspended for three months. This was motivated by the poor performance witnessed in the last financial year and no one was willing to experience another financial crisis. Therefore, I suspended Ben for three months to ensure other workers become obedient and follow the regulations provided to them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The following are ethical considerations that guided me to take this step. This decision was motivated by the need to ensure that no one commits this mistake against regardless of the position of an indi vidual in the company (Haberfeld 2012). Ben was an indispensable employee but his actions were considered to have economic, legal and social impacts on the company and other workers. First, the suspended secretary would have complained of double standards if I would have ignored suspending Ben. This would have led to a legal tussle between her and the company. Secondly, other workers would have noticed that Ben was not punished and this could crate differences among them (McCarthy 2011). Thirdly, I knew that we were going to miss the prestigious prize on the scheduled event; however, this was not as important as other activities of this company. In addition, the occasion is held after every five years and this means that it would have significant impacts on this company. Therefore, my decision was economically responsible since it focused on the long term gains the company will make if employees are punctual and attend all activities as the company directed them (Baaske 2009). The c ompany will never make losses due to absenteeism or lateness even though it was going to miss the award. In addition, it was ethical since it showed that I was promoting professional discipline in the company. It is advisable to follow the rules and policies regarding work to ensure that workers respect with them without favoring some workers (Farrell 2012). The decision also promoted respect for the rule of justice and equality at the company. It is necessary to explain that the secretary was suspended after failing to meet the requirements of the company; therefore, it would have been very unfair to exempt Ben from punishments yet they are all employees of this company. Even though, I had the option of punishing him after his presentation this was not a logical alternative since it was bound to affect him during that period (Harrison 2010). Therefore, my decision was appropriate and I will hot hesitate to suspend another worker in case the individual violates the policies of this company.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Ethical dilemmas are common in life but individuals must make wise choices that will not affect their relationships or work. It is necessary to ensure that they make informed choices and if possible they should consult their friends before taking any step. These dilemmas put our faith and commitments to test; therefore, they should be approached very carefully. References Adair, J 2013, Decision Making and Problem Solving: Creating Success, AMACOM Books, New York. Arthur, W 2009, The Thinking Manager’s Toolbox: Effective Processes for Problem Solving and Decision Making, South-Western College, Connecticut. Baaske, K 2009, Arguments and Arguing: The Products and Process of Human Decision Making, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Farrell, O 2012, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, Cengage Learning, South-Western, Connecticut. Haberfeld, W 2012, Police Leadership: Organizational and Managerial Decision Making Process, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Harrison, F 2 010, The Managerial Decision-Making Process, South-Western College, Connecticut. McCarthy, B 2011, Justice, Crime, and Ethics, Hastings House, Washington. Pollock, J 2011, Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice: Ethics in Crime and Justice, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Saaty, T 2011, Theory and Applications of the Analytic Network Process: Decision Making with Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks, Wiley, New York. Thomas, S 2010, Theory and Applications of the Analytic Network Process: Decision Making with Benefits, Opportunities, Costs, and Risks, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. This essay on Ethical Dilemma was written and submitted by user Desmond Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Bust Magazine

stand out as being long lasting and repeatable whereas many ideas in Cosmo are short-term and fade quickly. Big names are found on the cover of BUST although they feature many lesser-known people on the inside pages. BUST is doing this to attract a mainstream audience to look at the magazine. I think BUST does this for two reasons. One is because of money. BUST is struggling to stay in print. Big names will draw m... Free Essays on Bust Magazine Free Essays on Bust Magazine Communication and Popular Culture BUST magazine is meant to be an alternative outlet for women who are sick of the images given to them in the more established and conventional women’s magazines. BUST offers quite a different set of values than most young women’s magazines. BUST values the woman as an independent person that does not need to answer to the prescribed cultural values usually given to them. The woman who reads BUST is not getting advice on men or how to lose weight. She is reading about other women and issues related to women. BUST signifies women who are independent, young and sexually liberated. BUST is a magazine that is targeted for younger women with an interest in feminism. The reader of BUST is more likely to be part of an underground subculture that the typical reader of the mainstream Cosmo or Glamour magazine. BUST tries to reach a crowd that is somewhat more into independent music, movies, film and politics than the average reader of typical women’s magazines are. BUST is targeted at women who most likely live in more urban areas and have at least some college education. The average reader is most likely between the ages of 18-30. BUST readers are also representative of straight, lesbian and bi-sexual women. The issues come out seasonally. Each issue tries to focus its articles on a main theme, such as the mother issue, the sex issue and the marriage issue. Since it comes out quarterly I don’t think trends are emphasized as much as the written ideas are. These written words stand out as being long lasting and repeatable whereas many ideas in Cosmo are short-term and fade quickly. Big names are found on the cover of BUST although they feature many lesser-known people on the inside pages. BUST is doing this to attract a mainstream audience to look at the magazine. I think BUST does this for two reasons. One is because of money. BUST is struggling to stay in print. Big names will draw m...

Law of Contract, Case Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law of Contract, Case Law - Essay Example Mutual assent is manifested in an offer, acceptance, and consideration. An offer is an indication by one party, offeror of a willingness to enter into a contract with another party, offered on some specific terms. A valid offer creates a power exclusively in the hands of the offeree such that all that is needed to form a contract is acceptance. If one or more of the terms are missing from the offer, a court may supply those terms. Acceptance is an unequivocal indication that the offeree agrees. nothing. The scope of Consideration arises from when a person makes promise to another; he does so with the intention of deriving some advantage which the person to whom the proposal is made is capable of conferring upon him. In this sense we can define consideration as a legal detriment bargained for in exchange, i.e. agreeing to do something which you have no legal obligation to do or agreeing not to do something which you have a legal right to do. In Currie Vs Misa (2)the term consideration defined as " a valuable consideration in the eye of law may consist either in some right, Interest, profit or benefit accruing, to the one party ,or some forbearance, and detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered, or undertaken by the other." In Dunlop v Selfridge (3) the consideration is defined as "an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable." From all these definitions and explanations of consideration it is apparent that an act without consideration is not legally binding; it is a so-called naked act, which does not give rise to a right of action.There exist some rules governing the Consideration. 1. If one party voluntarily performs an act, and the other party then makes a promise, the consideration for the promise is said to be in the past. The rule is that past consideration is no consideration, so it is not valid and cannot be used to sue on a contract. 2. Consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Currie Vs Misa 1875 LR 10 Ex. 153 3. Dunlop v Selfridge 1915 AC 847 3 3. The person who wishes to enforce the contract must show that they provided consideration; it is not enough to show

Implementation Barriers and Policy Design Deficiencies Research Paper

Implementation Barriers and Policy Design Deficiencies - Research Paper Example t the idea of prison privatization would assist the federal government to cut down its prison management costs and improve the efficiency of prison management. On the other hand, private firms perceived this policy as an opportunity for further business expansion and therefore they involved in simple contracting services for the complete management of prisons. However, the proposed policy could not meet its aimed objectives due to a number of reasons. This paper will critically analyze the prison privatization policy and assess the degree and scope of its deficiencies using the evaluative and explanatory reasoning approach. The US federal government has been experimenting with prison privatization for over 30 years. As McDonald, Fournier, Russell-Einhourn, and Crawford (1998) point out, privatization of prisons was publicly established in the United States in 1984 when the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) was contracted for the entire management and control of a prison facility at Hamilton County in Tennessee. As McDonald et al (1998) point out, it was the first time a government in the United States offered a compete takeover of a prison to a private operator; and subsequently in 1985, the CCA was further offered a contract to take over the Tennessee’s complete state prison system for $200 million. It was a marked event in the US prison privatization history as this contracting declaration influenced other US states to research more on this practice. However, the Tennessee’s proposal was defeated by the skepticism of regulators and public employees’ strong opposition. Desp ite those initial struggles, since then CCA has well expanded its business in for-profit prison. Official data indicate that US private sector operates ‘153 correctional facilities including jails, prisons, and detention centers with a capacity of more than 119,000 as of December 2000’ (cited in Miller, 2010). ‘Evaluative and explanatory reasoning’ is a general policy

Early childhood education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Early childhood education - Essay Example This "Early childhood education " essay describes the prevailing problems and issues regarding child practitioners and how can early childhood programs support parents in facilitating the healthy, holistic development of their children.The panelists, composed of experts in various fields proposed a four-point plan, namely: (1) strengthening policies, raising and sustaining funding and building appropariate infrastructure; (2) improving education, training and development, improving compensation and providing career opportunities for practitioners; (3) delivering high quality, evidence-based and age-appropriate programs and practices for children; and (4) building strong partnerships with parents.Ontario is struggling with the decrease in number of effective and efficient child practitioners and this greatly affects the quality of education. The following reasons have been identified: ï‚ § Several practitioners do not meet the educational requirements needed to successfully address the demands of the practice and provide high quality early learning and care for children. ï‚ § Fresh graduates of early childhood education courses opt to work in jobs other than in regulated child care. ï‚ § Several practitioners will retire in the next 5 – 10 years and there are not enough new practitioners coming in to replace them. Research has provided evidence that the early years are most crucial in an individual’s development because it is at this time when early learning and experiences determine the quality of the child’s brain structure. ... arly years are most crucial in an individual’s development because it is at this time when early learning and experiences determine the quality of the child’s brain structure, disposition and well-being. Provision of a high quality early childhood program wherein positive, stimulating learning experiences take place contribute to the child’s self-confidence and positive attitude towards learning. These are qualities that lead to greater success in school and throughout one’s life. 4. How can early childhood programs support parents in facilitating the healthy, holistic development of their children? Early childhood programs should be able to accommodate the schedules of parents in planning events that require their presence. They can also extend the children’s time in preschools or day care centers to enable parents to work. Regular communication with parents regarding concerns about their children keeps them updated about their child’s progr ess. Also, early childhood programs provide adequate information to parents about things that can help them in implementing good parenting to their children. Article Review: Heyman, J., Barrera, M. and Earle, A. (2008) The Working Poor: Canada and the World, Policy Options. The article reports the state of child poverty throughout the world, and specifically in some countries of study. It discussed how child poverty is a lingering challenge that policy-makers face and has grown to be a global issue. The article claims that child poverty may be effectively managed if parents can succeed in working while caring for their children without fear of losing their livelihood. 1. How can families rise from poverty? Poverty may be overcome when individuals are given the opportunity to work and earn for a living. When parents’

No Country For Old Men Cormac Mccarthy English Literature Essay

No Country For Old Men Cormac Mccarthy English Literature Essay Anton Chigurh is a character in the novel No country for old Men was written by Cormac McCarthy. Chigurh is a psychopathic murderer who was hired to recover money from a drug deal that failed to succeed. However, eh later realizes that the money had been taken by another person called Llewely Moss and had gone out of the town with the money. He then tries to track Moss along a motel but Moss fooled him by making him believe that he is in a room next to where Chigurh is by keeping the money in vent. Chigurh then realizes a mighty hunter called Wells, whom he later kills after realizing that he wanted to strike a deal with Moss. He then ruthlessly tries to find where Moss is until he learns that he has been killed by other bandits form Mexico in a different motel. He then goes ahead to find Mosss mourning wife and contemplates on whether to kill her or not by tossing a coin. On his way back, he gets involved in a serious accident that leaves him injured and his arm broke. He then pays a young boy to give him his T-shirt but leaves the accident scene before an ambulance comes (McCarthy, 12). The title of the book was derived from William Butlers poem sailing to Byzantium. The title therefore carries the theme of the book which is the direction of the contemporary world towards evil and immorality. McCarthy describes a world that is full of corruption and evil things, and very little goodness. The novel is dominated by stories of horrible crimes and unethical actions. The author portrays a contemporary world as a place where the evil is more than the good. This is the reason as to why the old men cannot fit in the modern world since they believe in order and balance of good and evil. Just like most of his previous books, McCarthys novel records a sequence of brutal deaths along the border of Texas and Mexico. The author is well known for throwbacks and a cinematic novel writer which is most seen in No country for Old Men. The author portrays his knowledge by use of perfect idiomatic language. Anton Chigurh in the novel No country for old Men Anton Chigurh is they main antagonist in this novel. He plays a central role in that dominates the whole story by his brutal killings. His ability to kill many people is somehow disturbing and he is curious to do so. He does not struggle too much to kill someone and does not look worried after killing. Even though he commits horrible actions, he has some sense of intelligence his killing plans organized properly and all goes according to his plans. He has no emotions and kills without any affection. His actions indicate that he has no ability in comprehending human life. This can be seen from the way he takes away peoples lives and he does it ruthlessly throughout the novel. He had been hired to track money from a drug deal but ends up killing even those who had hired him and starts to look for money and make it his. When he meets victims who do not have enough reasons to be killed, he tosses a coin to decide their fate. However, he has how own morals where he does not kill without a reason. However, eh assumes that he believes that the reasons for killing are determined by him and those that he wants to kill. In this case, the author represents him like someone who does not believe in any God since he behaves as of he has right to the lives of those he kills. The author has brought out his character like that of a Darwinian creature bearing a strong survival function. He is thereof a survivalist who lead a simple and plain life. It was not by accident that he was able to treat himself when his leg was shot. When he also got injured in a car crash, he did not wait for the ambulance to arrive. He behaved like someone who had all the ability to run his own life. He was well equipped to manage his won life and believed in living above all things (McCarthy, 68). Factors that motivates the actions of Anton Chigurh The actions of Anton Chigurh are motivated by his desire for honour which he believes comes with having money. Most of his killings are in his pursuit for money so that he can attain honour. At one point in the book, he asks Moss what was the need of following the rules that he followed if they did not lead him to good. He tries to do things as they are supposed to be done but he expects that he results will be in his favour. He explains to Moss why he let himself to be arrested was because he wanted to see whether he could free himself by acting willfully as he believed that it is possible. He concluded that it is possible for one to free himself by acting out of will but it would be a foolish action. His lack of believe in God also motivates him to kill ruthlessly. This is seen where he tells Carla Jean that he has already given his words and he cannot change them. However, Carla tells him that he has the power to change the words of he wishes to but he says that even a non believer may find it necessary to make himself after God. He however maintains the stand that whatever has been done cannot be undone. Carla refers to this as blasphemy. He believes that he had the fate for the lives of his victims. This is the reason why he tosses a coin to determine whether to kill the person or not. His pursuit for money was also another motivating factor for Anton Chirguh. He is chasing after money that had been obtained through a drug deal but Llewelyn Moss had escaped with it after picking it from an open field. In his search for moss, he encounters violent Mexicans that left him with a shot leg. But because he needed to achieve his mission of getting the money, he nursed his leg and continued with the search. At this moment, Chirguh could brutally kill anyone who crossed his ways since the motivating factor was to recover the money. He eventually killed those who had hired him and took the money for himself. The Relationship that Chigurh had with other Characters in the Novel Anton Chigurh has a cold relationship with others in the novels due to his brutality that makes others to fear him. When Bell learns that Chigurh is hunting for Moss and his wife, he runs to them to inform them of the danger that they are in. Moss disregards this and he ends up in trouble together with his wife. When the violence becomes intense, Sheriff Bell takes time to reexamine his ability in dealing with the brutality of Chigurh. Sheriff is a former law man and a product of informal system of honour that existed in the past generations. He develops doubt as the whether he is still fit for his work. This is because the violence represented by Chigurh demanded an equally brutal person (Raff, 7). The relationship that is between Anton Chigurh and other characters is therefore characterized by fear for his brutality. There are no incidences he is holding peaceful discussions with other people in the novel. This could have been so with those who had hired him to track the money but he also ended up killing them. What Anton Chigurh represents in the Novel The character Anton Chirguh represents violence in the whole novel. The novel is full of scenes of violence that is initiated by Chirguh. His killing actions are done sometimes with a mission while others are not. His life mission might be to kill who crosses his path in an uncompromising manner and decides on their death by tossing a coin. The victims of his violence are those involved in drug deals, those driving the transportation cars he steals, and others whom he meets on his pursuit missions. His actions are purely evil. He has evil believes and therefore acts according to his believes. The author, Cormac McCarthy, uses the character top represent violence in the modern country where old men who are not used to gun shots cannot survive (Lyons OMalley-Younger, 183). Conclusion The author of the novel, Cormac McCarthy, has used the icon of Anton Chigurh to represent some of the violent acts that are taking place in the modern countries. These actions are therefore a justification of the title of the book, No country for Old men, where whatever is happening in the country cannot support the old men. The novel indicates a country where people are just rushing and fighting, gunshots and car crashes. It is therefore hard for the old to survive in such a country. The country is characterized by killings, drugs deals, gun shots and a lot of brutality where no old man can survive.

The Role of Women in Screwball Comedy Films :: Movies

The Role of Women in Screwball Comedy Films Joan Wilder: You're leaving? You're leaving me?! Jack Colton: You're gonna be all right, Joan Wilder. Yea. You always were. Like a contemporary Dorothy, Romancing the Stone's Joan Wilder must travel to Columbia and survive incredible adventures to learn that she had always been a capable and valuable person. Romancing the Stone (Robert Zemeckis, 1984) is part of a series of 1980s action comedies that disrupted previous expectations for female heroines. These female protagonists manage to subvert the standard action narrative and filmic gaze, learning to rescue themselves and to resist others' limited vision of them. Not only did these action comedies present strong female characters, they also offered a new filmic experience for female audiences. The commercial success of comic action heroines paved the way for women to appear in serious action roles--without the personal sacrifices required of Sigourney Weaver’s Ripley. Figures like Joan Wilder serve as an important link between previous strong yet feminine screen personas and current female stars. Led by Laura Mulvey, feminist film critics have discussed the difficulty presented to female spectators by the controlling male gaze and narrative generally found in mainstream film, creating for female spectators a position that forces them into limited choices: "bisexual" identification with active male characters; identification with the passive, often victimized, female characters; or on occasion, identification with a "masculinized" active female character, who is generally punished for her unhealthy behavior. Before discussing recent improvements, it is important to note that a group of Classic Hollywood films regularly offered female spectators positive, female characters who were active in controlling narrative, gazing and desiring: the screwball comedy. Comedy often allows for a subversion of the status quo that is not tolerated in more serious genres. Beginning in the 1930s, the subgenre of screwball comedy presented female characters who were active and desiring, without evoking negative characterizations as "unfeminine" or "trampish." Screwball comedies represent a specific form of romantic comedy that features a complicated situation--or more often a series of complications--centered around a strong-willed, unpredictable female. The comedy is generally physical as well as verbal. Screwball and other forms of romantic comedy do not just reverse the masculine/active, feminine/passive paradigm--which as E. Ann Kaplan notes accomplishes little in terms of change--but instead strengthens the female and weakens the male just enough to put them on more equal footing.

Is it Right for the Government to Accept the Fine Now? Essay

The notion of free will is important when deciding whether the government should accept the fine now or later. Free will suggests that human beings are autonomous and are therefore free to decide how to live their lives. This includes decisions, such as John’s, about whether to speed drive or not. However, the governmental officials are human as well and therefore also possess free will. If John is considered a free agent capable of being free than it must also be assumed that government officials, also free agents, are also capable of being free. One caveat that accompanies free will is moral responsibility. Ultimately, this is what this entire case centers on. Is it right for the government to accept the fine before John commits a speed driving offense? This question will explored further as it relates to free will as well as how it relates to personal identity and mind body ideas. The government does not have the right to accept the fine prior to the speed driving offense. Whether or not it is known that John will speed drive tomorrow is not really the issue in this case. The issue is that the government should not accept that a person is going to commit a crime and accept a fine for it before it occurs but rather the government should rely on their sense of free will in order to stop the crime from happening in the first place. The capacity for the government to have free will also means that the government has a moral responsibility to society to ensure that John does not speed drive tomorrow. Further, if John is going to disappear forever after he speed drives anyway, is it really necessary to accept the fine and hope that this punishment deters John in the future? The mind body principle emphasizes that all human beings have a physical body as well as the capacity to think, feel and remember. This idea is connected to the idea of free will because human beings go beyond their biological characteristics to become creatures who want certain things, hate certain things and think about certain things in different ways. Therefore, there is a scientific reason that can explain why John may choose to speed tomorrow just as there is a scientific reason why the government may choose to accept the fine before the crime. Similarly, there are also internal reasons why these choices may be made that have more to do with feelings and thoughts than biological processes. This is the heart of Descartes famous phrase, â€Å"I think, therefore I am. † In other words, the way that human beings choose to operate and conduct themselves are direct results of the ability to think. This brings up a very important point with regards to punishing John for a future event. Perhaps John will use his mind to decide that his moral responsibility entails his decision to not speed after all. If John decides that his capacity for free will obligates him to refrain from speeding, then the government would be wrong in their acceptance of a fine before the crime was committed. Finally, philosophical behaviorists believe that human beings rely on their minds to behave in reaction to their physical environment. If this is the case, then John may still change his mind about speeding, but more likely John will go ahead and speed in response to the physical environment that accepted a fine for a future crime. In other words, John will go ahead and speed because he had already been punished for the crime so nothing was stopping him from doing it. Under personal identity theories, Thomas Reid suggests that just because human beings have the capacity to remember events does not mean that these events happened to them. Further, he suggests that if human beings cannot remember something that happened a week ago, does this mean they have become another person? This has direct relevance to this case because it can be assumed that if the government knows someone is planning to commit a crime they can get the punishment out of the way before the crime is even committed. This brings up a larger issue. Will punishing humans before they commit a crime truly deter them from that future crime or will it produce a drastic change in society based on the notion that if punishment has already been served then the crime is an accepted part of society? While it is certainly logical to conclude that punishing someone before the crime occurs may produce a safer society, it is also logical to conclude that this type of justice system will create a crime laden distrustful society. For example, if the government finds out that John will be speeding in order to find his next victim to murder they may lock him in prison before the crime can occur. This will, conceivably, produce a safer society. However, it will, at the same time, create a society where human beings accept criminal activity provided that punishment is handed down before the crime. Ultimately, the government has no right to punish John for a speeding offense that will occur tomorrow. Personal identity is important here because it provides an outlet for John to make a different decision and obey the posted speed limit after all. In the end, the government could hand down a fine for a future speeding offense, but would this truly deter any future crime? The most logical answer is no because without punishing the mind of the criminal, then the punishment ultimately means very little. The capacity to have free will means that John is unlikely to change his behavior even if he is punished. Further, just because John will disappear after he speeds does not mean he ceases to exist just because this government can no longer see him. John will continue to exist in another place and his mind will ensure him that if he pays his fine for speeding then that offense will be accepted and he will be welcome to speed whenever he wants to. According to the idea of free will, the government would be more successful if they were to teach John why he should not speed and provide him with compelling reasons to refrain from doing so. John’s internal human desire to please those in authority would win out thus being more effective in curbing the potential for speeding behavior. Finally, free will does not mean John is allowed to speed nor does it mean that the government can punish John before he speeds. It does mean that John is free to drive wherever and whenever he wants to but the government is free to punish him if he does not obey the rules of the road.

Speeches of Eisenhower and Kennedy essays

Speeches of Eisenhower and Kennedy essays In January 1961, Dwight Eisenhower's presidency was coming to an end, and the nation was preparing for the new administration of John Kennedy. Within a week of each other, the two men both made addresses to the nation – Eisenhower made a farewell speech, and Kennedy delivered his inaugural address. There were significant similarities and differences in the speeches. While both men understood that the Cold War would be a national priority for the foreseeable future, they also saw the risks posed by a global military buildup – albeit from different perspectives. Finally, Eisenhower focused some of his address on domestic issues, while Kennedy spent his entire address talking in more global terms. One area of similarity between the Eisenhower and Kennedy addresses is that both men recognized the lasting threats posed by the Cold War, although neither man directly referenced the Soviet Union. Eisenhower, as a general and then president, saw the Iron Curtain descend across Europe and how the Soviet influence was spreading around the globe. This was an active and volatile situation inherited by Kennedy, and both Eisenhower and Kennedy made it clear in their addresses that they expected the conflict to be a dominating presence during Kennedy's pending presidency and beyond. Looking forward, Eisenhower reflected that the achievement of America's "noble goals" was being "persistently threatened by the conflict now engulfing the world." If there was any doubt that Eisenhower was talking about the spread of communism, he erased that by describing the "hostile ideology" as "atheistic in character," which is a key tenet of communism. Eisenhower warned that America was going to have to confront the threat for years, even going so far as to say it "promises to be of indefinite duration." He was girding America for a protracted struggle, a strategy that was also used by Kennedy. First, Kennedy makes clear throughout his address that he unde...

Kody Scott essays

Kody Scott essays Kody Scott, aka Sanyika Shakur aka Monster, was one of the most notorious members of the infamous Crips gang in South Central Los Angeles. In his autobiography, Monster: The Autobiography of an L.A. Gang Member, Scott gives the public an inside look at life in prison and its effect on him. If the autobiography was solely meant to give a depiction of gang life, he would have concentrated on the times spent out of jail and on the streets. Instead of briefly mentioning the amount of time spent in jail, he chooses instead to focus on the indecencies of prison, and street life as repercussion. Most people see the autobiography as a representation of life as a gang member; instead I view it as a portrayal of the corruptions of prison life. When Scott was fourteen years old he was placed in Los Padrinos Juvenile Hall for a shooting. He says that the juvenile tank has got to be the most blatant exercise the state has ever devised for corrupting, institutionalizing, and creating recidivism in youth (136). Prison gives gang members credibility on the streets, helps them further their reputation and promote their name, and is seen as a step or a test to maintain a tough street status. While civilians fell safer with more prisons, inmates view it as a type of education. California has the largest state prison population in the country, and 97% of inmates are eventually released with even more violent knowledge and capabilities. The fact that four out of five released inmates eventually end up back in prison at some point suggests that they have no motivation to change their ways. California was the first state to ban early release for good behavior. Inmates then do not feel as if they have to act better so they stay the same or worsen, which means they are that way upon their time of release. When Scott was released from Juvenile Hall after serving nineteen of the sixty days he was sentenced, his &q...

Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bureaucracy - Essay Example These concepts include, hierarchy, jurisdictional competency, command and control, technical expertise, and system of rules, and written documentation. An organizational hierarchy is the â€Å"arrangement of the organization by level of authority† in reference to the ranks above and below it (Grimsley 2014, para. 6). This therefore implies that in bureaucracy, there is existence of certain levels of authority ranging from the top level management to the normal employees. For instance, in a company a sales marketing director is below the overall chief executive officer (C.E.O), at the same level with the advertising marketing director and above the secretary. Therefore, this system dictates that each level should answer to the rank above it with the ultimate leader of the company at the very top of the hierarchy. Jurisdictional competency is another key concept of bureaucracy. Fundamentally, huge roles are broken down into smaller and simpler tasks which are then assigned to employees throughout the organization. This division of labor across the organization enables employees to master the skills and details of repetitive duties thereby increasing efficiency. However, though the division of labor could be highly proficient, â€Å"it can lead to a number of harmful organizational pathologies† (Rockman 2013, para. 5). This implies that division of labor could at times turn out to be ineffective due to a number of reasons. For instance, employees can be unable to adequately respond to problems outside their areas of jurisdiction, and may approach them from their own perspective. This could lead to an overall destruction of the organization’s performance. Command and control is another key feature of bureaucracy that weber discussed. Due to the fact that a bureaucratic authority is organized hierarchically, â€Å"responsibility is taken at the top and delegated with decreasing discretion at the lower levels of the organization† (Rockman 2013, para.

Ethical and Moral Issues in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical and Moral Issues in Business - Essay Example For instance in India a person that eats cows is considered immoral by the majority of society due to the fact that the cow is a sacred animal. In America eating cow meat is a moral act. Managers of corporations often face ethical dilemmas in their decision making process. The decision of closing down an American factory in order to open up an operation in a foreign country is an example of an ethical dilemma. Many people belief that American corporations should look out for the best interest of its home country. Patriotism is a moral view that is very popular in the United States. The other side of the coin is that the company can lower its operating costs and increase profitability by closing down the factory in the U.S. and moving to an emerging economy such as India, China, or South Africa. Either decision is justifiable depending on the moral view of the company and its managerial staff. Personal ethics and business ethics are two distinct concepts that sometimes collide with each other. Characteristics associated with personal ethics include spirituality, virtue, morals, and altruism (Lichtman, 2010). A person’s personal ethics can influence his buying behavior. A person that has strong beliefs in environmentalism is more likely to buy an electric or hybrid car. Personal ethics may also influence other decisions in a person’s life such as his nutrition, religions beliefs, and lifestyle. The personal ethics of an individual determine how much he cares about others. People that are socially conscious are more likely to donate money to non-profit organizations such as Feed The Children. â€Å"Ethics is the activity of man directed to secure the inner perfection of his own personality† (Schweitzer). A critical success factor for companies in the 21st century is business ethics. Business ethics refers to moral principles concerning acceptable and unacceptable behavior by business people (Answers, 2012). Business ethics differs from personal ethics in

A literary analysis of two poems by Donne namely The Flea and The Sun Essay

A literary analysis of two poems by Donne namely The Flea and The Sun Rising - Essay Example Donne is acknowledged as a love poet, but this poem deals with love in an incongruous way given the fact that the speaker does not attach any importance to some preexisting relationship or chemistry with the woman he is attracted to. Instead he uses â€Å"the flea’s activity as an excuse for conjugal relations† (Brackett 179). He does not care to invest time in building a foundation before he approaches his love. All the romantic suspense in one’s exploration of the other person leading to bigger events is omitted and emphasis is laid on the speaker’s sexual desires. Donne’s take on love in this poem marked by complexity of thought and strange imagery leaves the readers amused and impressed even though it is playful and absurd. The speaker in the poem never considers the woman’s objections and simply reacts to them making her come across as a fool in denial. Then more dirt is splashed on the woman in the concluding lines of second stanza wher e he writes, â€Å"Let not to this, selfe murder added bee / And sacrilege, three sinnes in killing three† (17-18) and is seen equating killing the flea to sins like suicide, murder, and sacrilege. The approach to love, if there is any, is first quite imaginative given how the speaker uses a simple flea to lay out an entire framework. Then, this approach takes on a deep irrational hue. Finally, all passion is forgotten when Donne uses imagery of the flea’s blood and writes, â€Å"Cruel and sodaine, hast thou since / Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence† (19-20).... The approach to love, if there is any, is first quite imaginative given how the speaker uses a simple flea to lay out an entire framework. Then, this approach takes on a deep irrational hue. Finally, all passion is forgotten when Donne uses imagery of the flea’s blood and writes, â€Å"Cruel and sodaine, hast thou since / Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence† (19-20). Here, he is seen handling resentment stemming from thwarted desires. It is style like this which makes one appreciate how Donne, as chief of the metaphysical poets, is mesmerizingly capable of handling love in all its aspects even when dissatisfied desires leave behind deep wounds of bitterness as in case of the poem under consideration. The speaker’s argument is laden with sexual innuendos. Even the movement within the poem mirrors the act of lovemaking considering the argument which is contemplative in first stanza, then picks momentum reaching climax in second stanza, and finally culminates wit h the sudden unexpected death of the flea. In contrast to other poems like â€Å"The Sun Rising† in which the poet appears hopelessly in love, this poem is more concerned with lustful desires yearning to be fulfilled. According to the argument in this poem, the act of sex is nothing more than mingling of fluids and a history of romance is not necessary. But when the word â€Å"little† (2) is used by the poet, it is not meant that he does not consider the act of lovemaking important. Rather, it is only a way of convincing his love that engaging in sex would not really be a gigantic sin (Brackett 179). In the Renaissance period, the concept of sex was really confined to mixing of the blood which according to the poet has already happened when he writes, â€Å"And in this flea our two bloods mingled bee;†

Death on Pine street Essay Example for Free

Death on Pine street Essay In this essay I will be comparing two detective stories. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles story The Speckled Band was written in the 1890s and set in England. It follows Sherlock Holmes as he investigates the unusual death of a young woman. Through clever logic he manages to solve the case entirely by simply investigating the scene of the crime. Death on Pine Street was written in the 1930s and set in America. The detective in this is a more street-wise roughed up detective, investigating the murder of a womans husband. His sly and even dishonest methods of investigation solve the case, however there are a few complexities. Both stories are first person narratives. In The Speckled Band Dr. Watson is the narrator but in Death on Pine Street, the Op himself tells us the story. This means that in the Holmes story the reader is kept in the dark about what is happening because we only know what Watson knows and, therefore, have to wait to the end of the story for Holmes to explain how he solved the crime to Watson. In the other story, because the Op is the narrator we know what he is thinking and what is happening to him. This different style works well, because although we know what he is thinking, we still have to wait to the end for the Op to explain how he solved the crime to the police; this way it doesnt ruin the element of interest that keeps the reader going on. The detectives in the two stories, Sherlock Holmes and the Continental Op, have some things in common, but are also very different characters. This is due to the very different places and times in which the stories are set. Both are private detectives solving crimes for money. They are both loners with no wives, families or girlfriends. They are both quick thinking, clever and observant they see clues and evidence that nobody else can see. They are both brave and strong, and can use weapons and know how to defend themselves. These are important factors in a good detective, which I think is why they share these traits whilst being from such different places and times. Sherlock Holmes was the first fictional detective ever, so it is probable that some of the inspiration for the Continental Op came from him. However they differ in many ways. Holmes is a more upper-class, well spoken and well-educated man. The Continental Op is more of a slang-talking, lower-class working man. He works for a company, and has to travel to meet clients. Holmes works from home; Miss Stoner comes to see him. He seems to do detective work simply for enjoyment, he tells Miss Stoner she need not pay him. Holmes seems more calm and collected, he doesnt carry a firearm or get into fisticuffs the Continental Op does both of these. Since Watson is narrating The Speckled Band, we get a good description of Holmes; the Continental Op does not describe himself at all infact the only description of him is given by the Tenant, referring to him as our little fat friend. The Continental Op is always skulking around bad areas and apartments, Holmes usually takes a safe journey to the scene of the crime (in this case a mansion). It is the difference in location and time that plays an integral part in shaping these completely different characters that share similar and almost universal traits. Death on Pine Street is set in America in the 1930s; this was during the Great Depression when times were very hard on people. Unemployment was high, many people could barely afford to live and so naturally people were more highstrung or ill-tempered, and crime rose. It was this kind of tough way of life that forms the environment and the character in Death on Pine Street. The Speckled Band is set in England, in the 1890s, a fine period for upper-class people. Holmes would have been raised comfortably, and it would not have been a necessity for him to be tough like the Continental Op. He does not deal in the same way as the Continental Op; he quietly investigates a single place, and works without any interrogations or interviews. This greatly seperates the feel of the story from Death on Pine Street, as the Continental Op interracts far more, with many more characters.

CDMA Technology

CDMA Technology â€Å"CDMA† What CDMA Technology is all about? The first proposals for CDMA cellular networks in the USA and Europe (1978-1980) yielded to alternative projects, which later evolved into the GSM and DAMPS standards. However, in the mid 1990s the 2G standard IS-95 was put forward, resting on a fully spread spectrum/ CDMA platform. At a cosmic pace, networks of this standard (later named cdmaOne) gained wide recognition in America, Asia and the former Soviet Union countries. The great success of IS-95, as well as careful analysis and further experiments, had led to acceptance of the spread spectrum/CDMA philosophy as the basic platform for the major 3G mobile radio specifications: UMTS and cdma2000. Both of them are now in the pre-operational stage and undoubtedly will become the main mobile communication instruments for the next decades. As we know it is all about multiple access, so multiple access is subdivided into: * Contention- Based Techniques * Conflict-free technique. CONTENTION BASED CONTROL: This is not in the scope of this project CONFLICT FREE CONTROL It involves the division of system resources into fixed channels which are than reserved by transmit/receive pairs of communication. This is beneficial for channels which require regular and continuos access to a channel like video and audio. Code Division Multiple Access In CDMA systems, channels are defined by the code not by time or frequency. Spread Spectrum rely on pseudo-random waveforms termed spreading codes to create noise-like transmisision.if users can be given different codes that have low cross-relation properties, channels can be defined by these codes. In CDMA channels are defined by Spreading Codes, eg with the direct sequence CDMA two signals can be defined as: Where a1(t) and a2(t) are spreading codes that define the â€Å"channel† of each user signal thus cross relation between a1(t) and a2(t) dictates the performance of CDMA.[1] Technology behind CDMA CDMA technology is based on the Spread Spectrum communication technique, in the past few years this technology has created a revolution in the wireless communication technology; today the users are using 3-G wireless data services and applications like e-mail, and videos calls etc. that requires fast transmission without any loss of data and quality. [2] Importance of Technology CDMA support all channel sizes (5 MHz, 10 MHz, etc.) provide circuit and packet data rates up to 2 Mbps, incorporate advanced multimedia capabilities, and include a framework for advanced 3G voice services, including voice over packet and circuit data. The interaction between mobiles in the same channel is the distinguishing characteristic of CDMA, CDMA Features and Services http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/CDMA-~-Features-and-services/ The features and faster access of data provided by CDMA technology leads the life of an individual to the ease of that comfort level that they need not to worry about anything in respect to the communication level. Benefits of CDMA Affecting human Life: 1 Primary voice features -. a) Call Forwarding Busy (CFB)/Call Forwarding Busy No Answer (CFNA)/Call Forwarding Busy Unconditional (CFU) CFB, CFNA, and CFU allow a called subscriber to have the system send incoming calls, addressed to the called subscribers directory number, to another directory number (forward-to number), or to the called subscribers designated voice mailbox. b) Conference Calling (CC) CC provides a subscriber with the ability to conduct a multiconnection call, i.e., a simultaneous communication between three or more parties (conferees c) Do Not Disturb (DND) DND prevents a called subscriber from receiving calls. When this feature is active, no incoming calls shall be offered to the subscriber. 2 Short Message Service Features a) Short Message Delivery-Point-to-Point Bearer Service (SMD-PP). SMDPP provides bearer service mechanisms for delivering a short message as a packet of data between two service users, known as short message entities (SMEs). The length of the bearer data may be up to 200 octets. b) Cellular Paging Teleservice (CPT) CPT conveys short textual messages (up to 63 characters) to an SME for display or storage. 3 Data transfer The best data transfer technology it has to offer is the EVDO technology, allowing for a maximum download speed of about 2mb/s (about 700kbps in practice), which is similar to what a DSL line has to offer. EVDO is not available everywhere yet and requires a cell phone that is EVDO ready. 4 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) The main advantage of using CDMA cell phone signals for reference clock purposes is that they work better inside buildings, thus often eliminating the need to mount a GPS antenna outside a building. http://www.allinterview.com/viewpost/165996.html Modulation Technique The modulation technique used in CDMA (specifically in wireless communication in mobile network) is dual-channel QPSK (hybrid phase shift keying (HPSK) or orthogonal complex quadrature phase shift keying (OCQPSK)) The methods used by dual-channel QPSK to Modulate are- Ø Orthogonal spreading Code Ø Scrambling code with Walsh Rotator Ø Pseudorandom codes (Scrambling) Orthogonal spreading Code Spreading transforms each data symbol into multiple data chips. This ratio (number of data chips/symbol) is called the spreading factor (SF). Thus, it increases the signal bandwidth. Data symbols on the I(real, or In-phase data component) and Q(imaginary, or Quadrature-phase data component) branches are combined with the channelization code In downlink it is used to separate different users within one cell, but in the uplink only to separate the different services of one user Generation of channelization code Allocation of code It is showing the root of code tree. It employs the spreading factors 4 through 512, in which 4 to 256 appears in uplink, and SF 512 is added to the SF catalogue in the downlink direction. It also shows how the codes can be allocated. Example: If the code C8,2 is allocated, then from its subtree no codes can be used (i.e. C16,4, C16,5, C32,8). These subtree codes would not be orthogonal with their parent code. Scrambling code with Walsh Rotator How it works? Example: Original data chip divided into its I and Q components (1,1) and a complex scrambling signal (-1,1). When complex scrambling takes place, the phases of these signals are added together (45 ° + 135 ° = 180 °) and the resulting signal constellation is (-1,0). The distance of I and Q from origin represents the power level of the signal. If the original data signal uses equal power levels for control and data channels, then the constellation points will be [(1,1), (-1,1), (1,-1)]. When they are scrambled using a complex scrambling code, the result always lies on either the I or Q axis; that is, mapped into the constellation points (1,0), (0,1), (-1,0), and (0,-1). This means that these phase shifts cannot cause zero crossings Pseudorandom codes (Scrambling) The orthogonal codes can only be used when the signals applying them are time synchronous. So for asynchronous users in the uplink direction if orthogonal spreading codes alone were used in the uplink, then they could easily cancel each other. So to overcome this situation pseudorandom codes are used. In this procedure, the signal, which is spreaded (full bandwidth) with an orthogonal spreading code, is further combined (means XOR) with a pseudorandom scrambling code. This scrambling code is either a long code (a Gold code with a 10-ms period) or a short code [S(2) code] Basic Requirements Hardware Software PLANET EV It is used to designing evaluation of network problems also provides a comprehensive set of coverage and interference analyses of different cell sites. Bangarpet%20Coverage%20MEIRP Tems Investigator * It provides view of the network. * It can evaluate the functionality of Call processing and received base station signal quality Tems Deskcat It estimates the performance of the network infrastructure. It can provide a comparison of oue network with the competitors network Antenna Editor It provides a view of Horizontal and vertical pattern of antenna. Skills Fault management The fault report must contain enough information so that the management system can make the right analysis and react correctly. Configuration management; Once the number of subscribers increases, new capacity is needed; thus, new equipment must be bought Performance management Ø Traffic levels within the network, both user data and control signalling Ø Verification of the network configuration Ø Resource-access measurements Ø QoS Ø Resource availability Roaming management A roaming agreement is a contract between the home-network operator and the serving-network operator User equipment management This is a feature that allows a network operator to trace the particular subscriber within the network. Software management The main software-management process can contain the following stages: Ø Delivery of software from the vendor Ø Forwarding of the software to network elements or element managers Ø Validation of the software to ensure that it is not corrupted Ø Activation of the software to an executable state ENHANCED SUBSCRIBER AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHM This method utilizes the Authentication and Key Agreement which provides mutual authentication between a base station and mobile terminal with increased key size. Mutual authentication overcomes the problem of false base station attacks, thereby preventing the voice privacy or private identity information of the subscribers from being compromised. The ESA algorithm also dismantles the cryptographic attacks such as reconstruction attack and list attack, thereby enhancing the security of existing CDMA systems. The simulation results also clearly Indicates that ESA based systems consume less power and the error rate is also less when compared with CAVE based system. Thus, the Enhanced Subscriber Authentication algorithm enhances the security of the CDMA systems. Advantages of CDMA 1. No frequency management In CDMA we are not required to use different frequency where as in both TDMA and FDMA the frequency management is always a critical task. Since there is only one channel in CDMA, no frequency management is needed. 2. No Guard Time in CDMA. In TDMA uses the concept of guard time so as to avoid interference between simultaneous users whereas in case of CDMA we are not required to add guard time which result in efficient use of bandwidth. 3. No Hard Handoff As we CDMA is based on code sequence and uses the same frequency, the connection to the new cell site can be made without breaking the connection of the current cell. And it also requires less power, which reduces interference and increases capacity. 4. Use of Rake Receiver In CDMA have rake receiver which is multiple receiver in one which identifies three multi-path signals and combines them to make a very strong signal. Both mobile and cell site use rake receivers. Whereas in case of GSM handsets it picks the first the first signal it gets. No matter what is the strength of signal? 5. Power Adjustment in CDMA- in CDMA handset itself can adjust at which they transmit the signal. This insures that base station is receiving signal at the power which is needed. Both forward and reverse link uses power control techniques. Where as in case of GSM network handset will transmit at the fix setting whatever the distance between handset and base station is. The base station would face extremely strong signal from the nearer and extremely low from the farer device which result in Near-Far Problem. 6. CDMA can have this flexibility with their own service that stores data on the operators database. So if the cell is lost then its contact any other information can be recovered where as in case of GSM if mobile is lost then SIM is also lost. 7. CDMA capacity is around 10-20 times to FDM and approx 4 times to TDMA. 8. More coverage comparatively GSM One of the main advantages of CDMA is that dropped only when the phone is at least twice as far from the base station. 9. CDMA also have better security and higher data and voice transmission quality because of the spread spectrum technology it uses, which has increased resistance to multipath distortion. Disadvantages of CDMA 1. Connection fixed with the Handset- The main problem with CDMA technology that customer faces it that it does not allow to change handset easily because many functionality is embedded in the handset whereas in case if it uses SIM card that identifies a user and stores the information in the handset. The SIM card can be swapped between handsets, which enable to move all the contacts to the new handset with ease. 2. international roaming In case of international roaming handsets with GSM is far better than CDMA handsets because GSM is used in most the markets across the globe. 3. Battery Life- The battery life in case of CDMA is lesser as compared to TDMA because CDMA handsets transmit data all the time but TDMA does not require constant transmission. CDMA is best suited for implementation 1. For Microcell and in-building Systems: CDMA is probably the best system for microcell and in-building systems. The embedded microcell shares the same frequency and has full connectivity with the overlaying macrocell. The capacity of microcell and macrocell is derived and simulated at various traffic distributions. The microcell capacity is 1.03 to 1.12 times the capacity of a regular cell. The capacity of the combined microcell and macrocell is 2.00 to 2.11 times that of a regular cell. The microcell and macrocell performance is also analyzed in terms of RF reliability, soft hand-off factors, and interference and power levels. The macrocell RF reliability will degrade more seriously than that of the microcell. The radio hand-off factors of the microcell are about 11% higher than that of the macrocell. The average required forward traffic channel power of the microcell is about 10% less than that of the macrocell. Microcell engineering guidelines in a commercial CDMA system are als o provided. The results show that embedding the microcell in an existing CDMA network could be a very efficient way to improve hot-spot capacity and dead-spot coverage.[1] 2. For rural area  § CDMA is that dropped only when the phone is at least twice as far from the base station. So it will be profitable in constructing the number of tower where in case of GSM it will be more because its coverage area is less.  § CDMA handsets can also work with anolog signal; we can get at rural areas where digital signals cannot be transmitted. 3. For Dense area CDMA uses spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel, coding provides more users for the same amount of available power used in other system. Problems In Implementation of CDMA Ø Spectrum Shortage The major problem faced by CDMA technology is lack of available spectrum and this is hindering their subscriber growth. In India CDMA operators are having problem in allocation of spectrum in 1900 MHz band which is common in other regions. According to B.B. Anand (President for Regulatory Affairs at Reliance Infocomm ) It is of the utmost importance that the 1900 MHz spectrum be allocated to CDMA operators in India to ensure that the region remains part of the international community of roaming wireless subscribers worldwide,[1] In India the band was allocated to Defense Services for their mobile communication usage. However upon the launch of mobile communication services for public, coordination was sought from the Defense department to make the spectrum available for mobile services. The Defense is releasing some spectrum through auction but it is opposed by the GSM operators on the commercial ground for preventing growth of CDMA Ø Low performance in hilly regions- The towers in CDMA interfere with each other and normally they are installed on much shorter towers and because of this CDMA (IS-95 standard) may not perform well in hilly terrains and India has plenty of such region in north region. Ø Near Far effect- In Near Far effect the code transmitted from a transmitter (A) to receiver is interfered by another transmitter (B) which is nearer to the receiver as compared to sender transmitter and this make difficult for identification of the original signals by the receiver .This effect became a major obstacle for successful implementation of CDMA technology. It is very expensive to solve the near far problem in a CDMA system. The precision power control algorithm are used to solve near far problem which consists of open loop power control and closed loop power control and this make a CDMA transreciever very complicated in both hardware and software implementation. Ø Breathing of Base Stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. In CDMA as number of subscribers using a particular sit increases the range of that site goes down. In other words unlike GSM where number of users are finite but in CDMA users are not finite and in more load the voice quality goes down. Design And Implementation of CDMA CDMA basics The CDMA technology works on basic principle of communicating through specific code on available frequency instead of assigning a specific frequency. Since users are specified by code they are able to use same carrier frequency and this eliminates the frequency reuse problem encountered in other technologies. Implementation At Sender site cdma Steps in generation of CDMA signals 1. Analog to Digital Conversion of Voice: CDMA uses Pulse code Modulation (PCM) for converting analog voice or audio to digital signal. This process is also known as digitalization. 2. Voice Compression: CDMA uses a special device VOCODER to do voice compression. They are located at the BSC and in the phone. While talking we give space or pause between words and CDMA takes advantage of these pauses in speech activity by using a variable rate vocoder. There are four data rates at which vocoder compresses the voice signal and they are  ½,  ¼, 1/8 and Full. Vocoder uses its full rate when a person is talking very fast. It uses the 1/8 rate when the person is nearly silent. 3. Encoding and Interleaving: Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. They build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in the transmission can be recovered. CDMA uses convolutional encoding to encode audio signals provided by VOCODERS. Interleaving is used to reduce the effects of burst errors and recovering lost bits. 4. Channelization: The encoded data after encoding and interleaving is again encoded to separate it from other encoded data. After that encoded signals are spreaded over the entire channel. CDMA uses WLASH code to channelize user on the forward or upward link i.e. from BTS to mobile and Pseudorandom noises to channelize user on reverse link or downward link i.e. from mobile to BTS. 5. Converting digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The channelized data from all calls are combined into one signal and then it is converted into radio frequency signal for transmission. A more relevant and self explanatory example is show below of transmission through base station. As explained above each conversation is compressed with a vocoder and the output is doubled by a convolutional encoder that adds redundancy for error checking. The encoded bit are then channelized and all calls are combined and modulated onto a carrier frequency. At Receiver site At receiving site the steps followed are just opposite of sender site 1. Conversion of RF signal to digital signal 2. Despreading the signal 3. Deinterleaving and decoding 4. Voice decompression 5. Digital to analog voice recovery RF signal are converted into digital signal by quantization into bits (chips) by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The output is deschannellized and decoded through a decoder know as Viterbi decoder which corrects the errors using the convolutional code. The output goes to the vocoder for decompression and then to digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which decompresses the bits and turns them back into waveforms (sound). Reference 1. Unknown (14 Oct 2004).CDMA Wireless Community Calls For Harmonized Spectrum Allocation.Available: http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/October2004/8463.htm Last accessed 3 March 2010. 2. Available: http://www.pangolinsms.com/images/cellular-standards/cdma-large.gif Last accessed 30 March 2010. 3. Available: http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/cdma Last accessed 16 March 2010. 4. Available: http://www.cdmauniversity.com/ProdTech/cdma/training/cdma25/intro/modules.html Last accessed 23 March2010.