Developing Policies for Sport Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Extra-curricular activities at school mostly consist of sporting activities. It develops a spirit of teamwork, discipline, coordination, and confidence among students. Sporting activities warrants a substantial place. Prominent events such as the World Cup and Olympics can be important tools in enhancing understanding among countries. Economic Development and SportsSporting activities and events bring a great deal of employment, marketing and growth opportunities to countries. It creates additional sources of revenue for a country by adding extra streams of income. These income streams include hosting a sporting event, developing infrastructure, offering sport-related services and manufacturing of sports goods. Training and coaching of the young prospect workforce is another aspect of economic growth and development. (World Economic Forum, n.d. ) According to USAID, the UN system and Albanian Olympic Committee, several workshops and programs are conducted in Albania to promote sport ing activities which help a great deal in contributing to the youth development and economic development. (USAID-From the American People, n.d. )Sporting Goods and International TradeIn developing countries, the production of sporting goods is done on a huge scale. The manufacturing and trade of sporting goods increase the exports of developing or underdeveloped countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Policies for Sport or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Discourage Negative BehaviorAs discussed earlier, sporting activities discourage abusive, negative and destructive behavior. From the ages of 11-19, there is a higher probability of young generation to get involved in negative and destructive habits but if they are involved in sports then there are much lower chances of teenagers to get involved in such companies and habits. Integration with Disabled PeopleIf disabled people participate in sports, then it can lead to the shift in the perception of the public towards disability. People will focus more on commonality and ability rather than differences and discrimination. Sports programs, integrating non-disabled, as well as disabled people, can be commenced so as to support this concern.

Consumer Change Environment - 1199 Words

The truck travels down the highway. In a refrigerated cabin, produce bounces in its crates. Its been several days, and there are still more to go before the vehicle reaches its final destination. By the time the food arrives, its days old and has traveled more than most people. As it fills the store shelves, the harsh white rays of the supermarket lights reflect off its pesticide coated surface. There has been an awakening. Every day, more and more people demand fresher produce from providers and are frustrated with the wasteful industrial cycle used to produce their food. Consumers are ready for change and are anxious to commit their part. Consumers can change the environment for the better if they move to support local farms and†¦show more content†¦Produce travels all over the country and the world before it ends up on grocery store shelves, contributing greatly to the carbon emissions in the worlds atmosphere. Because farmers markets buy local, transportation emissions a re greatly reduced, as the food doesnt travel nearly as far before it reaches its final destination. Furthermore, consumers can support their environment by encouraging store owners to purchase from sustainable providers. Many communities have Buy Local movements that exist to pressure communities and companies to buy local, and joining these movements organizes peoples voices together to push grocers into going local. Other consumers have moved to purchasing only from locally sourced outlets, not purchasing from retailers that import their produce. Groups and individuals are also calling vendors directly and explaining to them the cost benefits of switching to locally sourced produce. The shorter distance between local farms and grocery stores not only keeps emissions down but is much cheaper to transport. Many corporations have already caught onto the message and are starting to go local. In 2008, Walmart announced that it had begun partnering with local farms to source more local fruits and vegetables, saying, Offering local produce has been a Walmart priority for years, and were taking it to a new level will our pledge to grow our partnerships with local farmers. Were committedShow MoreRelatedChanging Market Environment1642 Words   |  7 PagesChanges in the Marketing Environment and its Implications The word â€Å"Marketing† refers to an activity that is strategically concerned with the management of relationship among an organization and environment. Environment could be described as an internal and external condition to an organization. Internal Environment consists of situational factors that are present within the organizational boundaries whereas external environment consists of any factors or conditions that are not under the controlRead MoreThe Importance Of A Consumer Centric Approach1500 Words   |  6 PagesMarketing Orientations also called as Consumer Centric Approach which aims to put consumers at the heart of business, all activities of the organizations must base on customers. Managers will take account into the needs and wants of consumers before making any decisions. As customers had become more knowledgeable, therefore, most markets are moving towards a more marketing orientated approach. This essay aims to outline and explore the importance of a Consum er Centric Approach in Marketing, this paperRead MoreConsumer Decision Making : Consumer Behavior1596 Words   |  7 Pages7210 Advanced Consumer Decision Making Consumer Behavior Paper Dolly Bhatia- S2920622 Prof. Dr. Nigel Pope An analysis of Consumer Behavior towards Green Products Section A Enjoying a new prominent place in the mainstream culture is the use of Green products. According to me, there has been a change in my consumer values concerning these products ever since problems like global warming or climate change have created a buzz. In my opinion buying less environmentallyRead MoreHow Can Remedy Of Eco Labeled Products So That They Match Consumers? Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain how we can remedy each of the causes in the previous section in order to close the â€Å"green gap†. By finding possible solutions to these causes I will discuss possible ways to increase purchases of eco-labeled products so that they match consumers’ survey results and intent. A commonly discussed solution would be to internalize the price of environmental degradation into the price of all goods, so they are priced accurately. This would eliminate economic negative externalities. This wouldRead MoreThe Factors That Impact Pepsico And Their Customers Environment1391 Words   |  6 Pagescustomer’s such as the economic environment, socio-cultural environment, technological environment, global environment and the competitive environment as well as governmental regulations. Economic Environment The economic environment impacts the way in which consumers purchase goods and services. Many factors affect the economy, such as inflation, foreign currency fluctuations, interest rates and the unemployment rate. (Grewal, 2015) When the economy is doing well consumers are more apt to spend freelyRead MoreScientific Evidence For Warming Of The Climate System Essay1662 Words   |  7 Pagesintergovernmental panel on climate change (â€Å"Climate Change Evidence†). This climate change has caused sea levels to rise, temperatures to rise, oceans to warm and rise, ice sheets to melt, and extreme weather events along with many other impacts. 97% of scientists believe global warming is caused by humans and it needs to be addressed (Scientific Consensus†). Countries and individuals have been trying to help on whatever level they can. Individuals are making small and easy changes in their daily lives toRead MoreCustomer Service At Apple, Inc.966 Words   |  4 Pagesinstrum ental in driving the performance of organizations thereby transforming the strategic objectives into a set of performance measures as noted by Kaplan and Norton (2005). As such, Apple, Inc. designs and designs technology and electronics to suit consumer needs and meet shareholder objectives that has led to the success of the company and cemented it as a market leader in the industry. The Customer Service Perspective Customer service involves the willingness and ability of an organization to caterRead MorePerception of Green Product1387 Words   |  6 Pagesmainly to ‘green’ consumers. In a theoretical exposition of marketing theory, we find that green marketing could learn from conventional marketing in discovering other means than labelling to promote green products. Examples include addressing a wider range of consumers, working with the positioning strategies of price, place and promotion and actively engaging in market creation. http://www.sciencedirect.com Green Marketing: A Challenge or an Opportunity in the Global Environment The earlierRead MoreCsr And How It Affects The Bottom Line1388 Words   |  6 Pages now more prevalent than ever before. With the growing global concerns over the environment, taking effective and necessary steps in implementing CSR will prove beneficial, protecting the environment while driving profits. Consumer awareness is the new growing trend, shoppers want a better, new and improved product, information about where these products were manufactured and how production effects the environment and the economic status of their community. We cannot continue to mass produce withoutRead MoreHow The Marketing Environment Globally Changed Over The Last Ten Years1547 Words   |  7 Pagesmarketing environment globally changed over the last ten years. How have these changes impacted on the role of the marketing manager? What impact have these changes had on the concept of ‘customer value creation’? From last 10 years marketing management environment has changed radically as a result of major forces such as globalisation, technological advances, competition, deregulation, privatisation, customer buying power and customer awareness.(kotler keller, 2012). These changes raised new

Deception Point Page 50 Free Essays

With calm bred from the performance of countless executions, Delta-One dialed a ten-second delay into the grenade’s screw-dial, slid out the pin, and threw the grenade down into the chasm. The bomb plummeted into the darkness and disappeared. Then Delta-One and his partner cleared back up onto the top of the berm and waited. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Point Page 50 or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would be a sight to behold. Even in her delirious state of mind, Rachel Sexton had a very good idea what the attackers had just dropped into the crevasse. Whether Michael Tolland also knew or whether he was reading the fear in her eyes was unclear, but she saw him go pale, shooting a horrified glance down at the mammoth slab of ice on which they were stranded, clearly realizing the inevitable. Like a storm cloud lit by an internal flash of lightning, the ice beneath Rachel illuminated from within. The eerie white translucence shot out in all directions. For a hundred yards around them, the glacier flashed white. The concussion came next. Not a rumble like an earthquake, but a deafening shock wave of gut-churning force. Rachel felt the impact tearing up through the ice into her body. Instantly, as if a wedge had been driven between the ice shelf and the block of ice supporting them, the cliff began to shear off with a sickening crack. Rachel’s eyes locked with Tolland’s in a freeze-frame of terror. Corky let out a scream nearby. The bottom dropped out. Rachel felt weightless for an instant, hovering over the multimillion-pound block of ice. Then they were riding the iceberg down-plummeting into the frigid sea. 56 The deafening grating of ice against ice assaulted Rachel’s ears as the massive slab slid down the face of the Milne Ice Shelf, sending towering plumes of spray into the air. As the slab splashed downward, it slowed, and Rachel’s previously weightless body crashed down onto the top of the ice. Tolland and Corky landed hard nearby. As the block’s downward momentum plunged it deeper into the sea, Rachel could see the foaming surface of the ocean racing upward with a kind of taunting deceleration, like the ground beneath a bungee-jumper whose cord was a few feet too long. Rising†¦ rising†¦ and then it was there. Her childhood nightmare was back. The ice†¦ the water†¦ the darkness. The dread was almost primal. The top of the slab slipped below the waterline, and the frigid Arctic Ocean poured over the edges in a torrent. As the ocean rushed in all around her, Rachel felt herself sucked under. The bare skin on her face tightened and burned as the saltwater hit. The flooring of ice disappeared beneath her, and Rachel fought her way back to the surface, buoyed by the gel in her suit. She took in a mouthful of saltwater, sputtering to the surface. She could see the others floundering nearby, all of them tangled in tethers. Just as Rachel righted herself, Tolland yelled out. â€Å"It’s coming back up!† As his words echoed above the tumult, Rachel felt an eerie upwelling in the water beneath her. Like a massive locomotive straining to reverse direction, the slab of ice had groaned to a stop underwater and was now beginning its ascent directly beneath them. Fathoms below, a sickening low frequency rumble resonated upward through the water as the gigantic submerged sheet began scraping its way back up the face of the glacier. The slab rose fast, accelerating as it came, swooping up from the darkness. Rachel felt herself rising. The ocean roiled all around as the ice met her body. She scrambled in vain, trying to find her balance as the ice propelled her skyward along with millions of gallons of seawater. Buoying upward, the giant sheet bobbed above the surface, heaving and teetering, looking for its center of gravity. Rachel found herself scrambling in waist-deep water across the enormous, flat expanse. As the water began pouring off the surface, the current swallowed Rachel and dragged her toward the edge. Sliding, splayed flat on her stomach, Rachel could see the edge looming fast. Hold on! Rachel’s mother’s voice was calling the same way it had when Rachel was just a child floundering beneath the icy pond. Hold on! Don’t go under! The wrenching yank on her harness expelled what little air Rachel had left in her lungs. She jerked to a dead stop only yards from the edge. The motion spun her in place. Ten yards away, she could see Corky’s limp body, still tethered to her, also jolting to a stop. They had been flowing off the sheet in opposite directions and his momentum had stopped her. As the water ran off and grew more shallow, another dark form appeared over near Corky. He was on his hands and knees, grasping Corky’s tether and vomiting saltwater. Michael Tolland. As the last of the wake drained past her and flowed off the iceberg, Rachel lay in terrified silence, listening to the sounds of the ocean. Then, feeling the onset of deadly cold, she dragged herself onto her hands and knees. The ‘berg was still bobbing back and forth, like a giant ice cube. Delirious and in pain, she crawled back toward the others. High above on the glacier, Delta-One peered through his night-vision goggles at the water churning around the Arctic Ocean’s newest tabular iceberg. Although he saw no bodies in the water, he was not surprised. The ocean was dark, and his quarry’s weather suits and skullcaps were black. As he passed his gaze across the surface of the enormous floating sheet of ice, he had a hard time keeping it in focus. It was receding quickly, already heading out to sea in the strong offshore currents. He was about to turn his gaze back to the sea when he saw something unexpected. Three specks of black on the ice. Are those bodies? Delta-One tried to bring them into focus. â€Å"See something?† Delta-Two asked. Delta-One said nothing, focusing in with his magnifier. In the pale tint of the iceberg, he was stunned to see three human forms huddled motionless on the island of ice. Whether they were alive or dead, Delta-One had no idea. It hardly mattered. If they were alive, even in weather suits, they’d be dead within the hour; they were wet, a storm was coming in, and they were drifting seaward into one of the most deadly oceans on the planet. Their bodies would never be found. â€Å"Just shadows,† Delta-One said, turning from the cliff. â€Å"Let’s get back to base.† 57 Senator Sedgewick Sexton set his snifter of Courvoisier on the mantelpiece of his Westbrook apartment and stoked the fire for several moments, gathering his thoughts. The six men in the den with him sat in silence now†¦ waiting. The small talk was over. It was time for Senator Sexton to make his pitch. They knew it. He knew it. Politics was sales. Establish trust. Let them know you understand their problems. â€Å"As you may know,† Sexton said, turning toward them, â€Å"over the past months, I have met with many men in your same position.† He smiled and sat down, joining them on their level. â€Å"You are the only ones I have ever brought into my home. You are extraordinary men, and I am honored to meet you.† Sexton folded his hands and let his eyes circle the room, making personal contact with each of his guests. Then he focused in on his first mark-the heavyset man in the cowboy hat. â€Å"Space Industries of Houston,† Sexton said. â€Å"I’m glad you came.† The Texan grunted. â€Å"I hate this town.† â€Å"I don’t blame you. Washington has been unfair to you.† The Texan stared out from beneath the rim of his hat but said nothing. â€Å"Twelve years back,† Sexton began, â€Å"you made an offer to the U.S. government. You proposed to build them a U.S. space station for a mere five billion dollars.† â€Å"Yeah, I did. I still have the blueprints.† â€Å"And yet NASA convinced the government that a U.S. space station should be a NASA project.† â€Å"Right. NASA started building almost a decade ago.† How to cite Deception Point Page 50, Essay examples

Triggers of the Economic Currency Crisis-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: A number of currency crises have affected certain countries, which have also resulted in contagion in the sense that the crises affected neighboring countries. In a critical essay, select a country (or countries) affected by a speci?c currency crisis. Analyze the source of the crisis and the speci?c resolution of the issue. Indicate whether the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or another sovereign state or country provided intervention. Has the country's economy recovered since the conclusion of the crisis? Answer: Candelon, Dumitrescu Hurlin (2014) mentioned that Currency crisis refers to the condition in which doubts arise with the sufficient amount of foreign exchange reserves which is required to maintain the countrys foreign exchange rates. Such crisis might start in one country but the effect can be felt in the neighboring countries too. Currency crisis might be accompanied by provisional hit in the foreign exchange market. There might be a number of causes behind currency crisis. The basic general cause of currency crisis is the failure of central bank to continue with a fixed rate in the floating condition of foreign currency. This particular essay will deal with the currency crisis of Zimbabwe and Malaysia by focusing on the sources and methods of mitigation. The decline in the value of a countrys currency affects the national economy in a negative way because instability occurs in the rate of exchange. It can be simply stated that the currency crisis takes place as an interface betwe en the expectations of the investors and the probable outcome of those expectations (Abdullah Chan, 2016). One of the most important incidents in the history of Malaysian economy was the Asian Financial Crisis. Baharumshah, MacDonald Mohd (2017) stated that this event had resulted in the shrinking of Malaysias GDP to a great extent. In 1996 the countrys GDP was US$ 100.8 billion but it was declined to US$72.2 billion within two years. As a result of that, Bank Negara in Malaysia had attached the Malaysian ringgit at 3.80 to US$ to put on capital controls. The Malaysian currency crisis occurred in 1997-98 which had three prime options. These variations were- moral hazard driven lending, currency crisis due to bank run and the implication of balance sheet in currency depreciation. The main causes of the Malaysian crisis can be categorized as following- Macroeconomic disparity and structural deformation Abrupt shifts in market potential and assurance Deficiency in current account and composition of foreign liabilities Constant exchange rates and the overvalue of currencies No proper state model Unexpected alteration in external environment No proper supervision or norms and policies about the countrys finance Ethical risk Innate defects in the worldwide economic structure (Ramli, Ismail Wooi, 2015) The causes mentioned above were widely discussed by Yang (2013) after the Malaysian currency crisis which had put an impact on the neighboring countries of Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand. The short term debt of these countries as a percentage of total debt became 61, 58 and 65 respectively. Similarly their current account deficit became -3.62, -6.02 and -2.35 in 1997. In terms of foreign reserves, the short term debt as percentage became 176.59, 79.45 and 99.69 in 1996. In the course of discussion regarding the currency crisis the conditionality of IMF or International Monetary Fund was taken into consideration. Harvie Van Hoa (2016) reflected that the International Monetary Fund intervened in the crisis situation by giving suggestions to tighten the macroeconomic policies, financial sector reform and real sector reform. The government had taken up three measures to resolve the issue of currency crisis- freezing the external ringgit account, introduction of the 12- month rule and adjusting the exchange rate at 3.80 RM/$. It has been two decades since the financial crisis in Malaysia but the causes of the crisis are still debatable. According to Goh McNown (2015) in the year 1997 during the financial crisis, the Bank of Thailand had refused to intervene in the matter in order to protect the Thai currency Baht from the US$. At that point of time the foreign reserves tremendously declined which opened way for the Malaysian crisis. With the occurrence of the crisis, there were differences in the reaction and approach initiated for resolving the crisis situation. Majority of the population was ready to respond to the financial crisis but there were some who did not take the situation seriously by mentioning about the sound financial system in the bank. Establishment of Danaharta as an asset management company was one of the preventative measures taken in response to the crisis. It was set up with the intention of regaining profits by the bank by removing the bad assets and integrating the good parts of the bank with other banks. Malaysia had made use of a distinctive feature which had allowed them to pay a very low amount of penalty for the crisis. They had not only dealt with the financial institutions but also discussed with the borrowers regarding the restricting of debts in the country. Pouresmaeili (2015) agreed that the cost of the crisis in Malaysia was really low due to the defensive action that was taken. Moreover, they did not increase the rate of interest as suggested by the International Monetary Fund. The country had to go through a lot of pressure for raising the interest rates by 5% but they did not consider it as a potential solution because it did not involve the approximate hit on the currency. Due to the rejection of the IMFs suggestion Malaysia was also saved from the huge extent of economic loss which could have destroyed them otherwise. The measures that the country took in face of the crisis increased their economy by 7 percent in 1999. At present Malaysia has both capacity and ability. They have got hold of their surveillance mechanism which has helped them to get a prior idea about the source of fund flow. Twenty years back they did not have access to such information and that is why they could not resist the crisis of currency. Currently, the Malaysian currency ringgit has come back to the range of 4 which is below the ringgit 3- 80 peg (Yang, 2013). The ringgit does not hamper the basics if the financial structure nowadays but there might be other factors such as confidence and contamination. With regard to the financial crisis, it can be stated that Malaysia has attained a significant progress by implementing the changes better than other countries that have also faced similar disaster. The approaches that were accepted by Malaysia to alleviate the issues of bad loans and reshape the banks indulged government policies and thus pace and consistency were counted as benefits. Even though the financial crisis of Malaysia became a major event but the currency crisis of Zimbabwe was no less in comparison. Within the same time frame of 1991- 1996, the Rhodesian Dollar was replaced by the Zimbabwean dollar at par value. At that time period, President Robert Mugabe went for the Economic Structural Adjustment Program or ESAP in the government of Zimbabwean Zanu-PF to put negative impact on the countrys economy (Abel Mudzonga, 2016). Currency crisis in the two countries totally juxtapose each other. The banking sector always plays the role of an agent in the countrys economy and this process is known as financial mediation. Yang (2013) mentioned that this term refers to the collection of extra deposits and lending to the borrowers. These extra deposits can either be short term, medium term, long term, definite or flexible with call. Therefore the total banking system is strictly supervised by the Reserve bank for keeping a track of the economic stability and assurance in the banking system. To discuss ad compare between the two crises about the finance and banking of Zimbabwe the probable causes of the financial crisis in the country has been found out (Brixiov Ncube, 2014). The reasons behind the loss of trust in the banking sector are given as follows- Indigenization: The dispute in the government regarding the policy of indigenization and almost no consistency about the matter aroused panic and fear among the investors as well as the depositors. Payment of war veteran transfers: Mugabe had to avoid a probable deadly situation and paid an unemployment benefit of $6.4 million for the children of the war veterans. Tobacco farmers: With the beginning of the tobacco marketing season the government had implemented the rule of opening of bank accounts for all the farmers. Those bank accounts were then hit with funds to fulfill the recurrent expenditure including the spread out payment of bonus and incentives. The Lima agreement: An agreement was signed with the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and AfDB in the capital of Peru where Finance Minister of Zimbabwe, Chinamasa promised to pay the amount of $1.8 billion arrears in the next 3 months. Real Time Gross Settlement or RTGS: The government had hit on all the funds at the Reserve Bank for paying off the financial liabilities thus affecting the liquidity of banking sector (Chidakwa Chigumira, 2016). Public borrowing: The government has issued treasury bills of amount $2 billion but the entire amount was rolled over at maturity which affected the cash flow of the banks. Illegal financial outflow: The combination of corruption, lack of clarity and transparency and liability pricked the financial revenue. Weak revenue performance: With the shutting down of the companies there were fluctuations in revenue collections. The growth was stagnant and production was also hampered. Zanu PF implosion: The infighting of Zanu PF has not at all been beneficial for the situation rather it has resulted in risk of functionality of the government and the national economy was left to freeze. Weakening trade deficit: the current national balance had been affected due to the devaluation of Rand. The twin relationship of trade and budget deficit has posed to be a problem. Levy (2014) opposed that the government has experienced insignificant revenues which had way out of excessive borrowing and make use of the overdraft facility that was introduced by the Treasury Bills to raise funds. The effect of this system was explained by IMF as there will be increase in banking deposits due to these transactions. However, the transactions would increase without an associated increase in the amount of US dollars that will be available in cash. The Zimbabwean governments stretchable economic policies are responsible for the shortage in national cash. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand has found out the major problem to be the lack of political influence in the operational activities. Kararach Otieno (2016) contradicted that the central bank can come up with policies which are meant for reviving the economy and not helping the political agendas. To resolve the currency issues Zimbabwe must make a clear decision on the use of currency in order to prevent the ongoing issue of liquidity in the country. The International Monetary fund has played its role in the global financial crisis and made strategic implications for being the international lender and handle issues of the economically affected countries such as Zimbabwe. The IMF has reacted to the global crisis and has set up financial help within an economy for those who seek financial assistance (Dube Chipumho, 2016). The neighboring countries of Zimbabwe have also faced the impact of currency crisis such as Zambia, South Africa and Botswana. The steps taken by the International Monetary Fund created sustainable solutions for further lending among the countries going through major financial distress. Similar to Malaysia, Zimbabwe had also participated in the ESAF structure of IMF. The reform programs that were developed by the government had a negative impact on the agro, social, traditional sector of the country and also affected the foreign exchange. Stoeffler et al., (2016) went against the former crisis as the IMF policies were not helpful for Zimbabwe as it could not improve the economic condition. This has resulted in the decline of the countrys GDP and per capita income and experienced huge debt. Even in the present day, poverty and unemployment have been the dominant factors in the country. Poverty rates in 2007 were about 80% whereas unemployment rate of 95% was worlds highest in 2009. In 2017 too, the economic imbalances lie in the heart of the countrys financial crisis. The cash deficit was mostly financed from the domestic markets because the external arrears stopped Zimbabwe from accessing the international markets of capitalization. Financial expansion in 2015- 16 enhanced only short term growth but the resources to aid long term development were reduced. Zimbabwe is still lagging behind in terms of development due to their financial crisis (Ngwenya et al., 2016). There it can be summed up by pointing out the two extr eme effects of the two countries due to currency crisis. References Candelon, B., Dumitrescu, E. I., Hurlin, C. (2014). Currency crisis early warning systems: Why they should be dynamic.International Journal of Forecasting,30(4), 1016-1029. Abdullah, M. A., Chan, R. K. (2016). Foreign Labor In The Midst Of The Asian Economic Crisis: Early Experiences From Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan And Singapore.Jurnal Kinabalu (eJK),4. Baharumshah, A. Z., MacDonald, R., Mohd, S. H. (2017). Exchange rates in Singapore and Malaysia: are they driven by the same fundamentals?.Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies,47(2), 123-141. Ramli, N. A., Ismail, M. T., Wooi, H. C. (2015). Measuring the accuracy of currency crisis prediction with combined classifiers in designing early warning system.Machine Learning,101(1-3), 85-103. Yang, L. (2013). Volatility spillovers among the US and Asian stock markets: A comparison between the periods of Asian currency crisis and subprime credit crisis. Harvie, C., Van Hoa, T. (2016).The causes and impact of the Asian financial crisis. Springer. Goh, S. K., McNown, R. (2015). Examining the exchange rate regimemonetary policy autonomy nexus: Evidence from Malaysia.International Review of Economics Finance,35, 292-303. Pouresmaeili, H. (2015). Malaysia's commodity export performance during Asian currency crisis and US subprime mortgage crisis.International Journal of Trade and Global Markets,8(1), 27-41. Abel, S., Mudzonga, E. (2016). The Performance of the Tourism Sector in Zimbabwe during the 200008 Economic Crisis.Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008, 85. Brixiov, Z., Ncube, M. (2014). The Real Exchange Rate and Growth in Zimbabwe: Does the Currency Regime Matter?. Chidakwa, A. M., Chigumira, G. (2016). Pre-crisis macroeconomic performance and triggers of the economic crisis in Zimbabwe.Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008, 23. Levy, L. K. (2014). Sanctions against Zimbabwe.Assessing Barack Obamas Africa Policy: Suggestions for Him and African Leaders, 175. Kararach, G., Otieno, R. O. (Eds.). (2016).Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008. Oxford University Press. Dube, C., Chipumho, E. (2016). Response of the Manufacturing Sector to the Zimbabwe Economic Crisis.Economic Management in a Hyperinflationary Environment: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe, 1980-2008, 55. Stoeffler, Q., Alwang, J., Mills, B., Taruvinga, N. (2016). Multidimensional poverty in crisis: Lessons from Zimbabwe.The Journal of Development Studies,52(3), 428-446. Ngwenya, B., Chiwawa, D., Ngwenya, B., Chiwawa, D. (2016). Impact of liquidity crisis on banks response towards corporate social responsibility: A Case Study of Commercial Bank of Zimbabwe (CBZ) Ltd Harare period (2009-2014).Int J Res Rep,2(2), 55-64.