A literary analysis of two poems by Donne namely The Flea and The Sun Essay

A literary analysis of two poems by Donne namely The Flea and The Sun Rising - Essay Example Donne is acknowledged as a love poet, but this poem deals with love in an incongruous way given the fact that the speaker does not attach any importance to some preexisting relationship or chemistry with the woman he is attracted to. Instead he uses â€Å"the flea’s activity as an excuse for conjugal relations† (Brackett 179). He does not care to invest time in building a foundation before he approaches his love. All the romantic suspense in one’s exploration of the other person leading to bigger events is omitted and emphasis is laid on the speaker’s sexual desires. Donne’s take on love in this poem marked by complexity of thought and strange imagery leaves the readers amused and impressed even though it is playful and absurd. The speaker in the poem never considers the woman’s objections and simply reacts to them making her come across as a fool in denial. Then more dirt is splashed on the woman in the concluding lines of second stanza wher e he writes, â€Å"Let not to this, selfe murder added bee / And sacrilege, three sinnes in killing three† (17-18) and is seen equating killing the flea to sins like suicide, murder, and sacrilege. The approach to love, if there is any, is first quite imaginative given how the speaker uses a simple flea to lay out an entire framework. Then, this approach takes on a deep irrational hue. Finally, all passion is forgotten when Donne uses imagery of the flea’s blood and writes, â€Å"Cruel and sodaine, hast thou since / Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence† (19-20).... The approach to love, if there is any, is first quite imaginative given how the speaker uses a simple flea to lay out an entire framework. Then, this approach takes on a deep irrational hue. Finally, all passion is forgotten when Donne uses imagery of the flea’s blood and writes, â€Å"Cruel and sodaine, hast thou since / Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence† (19-20). Here, he is seen handling resentment stemming from thwarted desires. It is style like this which makes one appreciate how Donne, as chief of the metaphysical poets, is mesmerizingly capable of handling love in all its aspects even when dissatisfied desires leave behind deep wounds of bitterness as in case of the poem under consideration. The speaker’s argument is laden with sexual innuendos. Even the movement within the poem mirrors the act of lovemaking considering the argument which is contemplative in first stanza, then picks momentum reaching climax in second stanza, and finally culminates wit h the sudden unexpected death of the flea. In contrast to other poems like â€Å"The Sun Rising† in which the poet appears hopelessly in love, this poem is more concerned with lustful desires yearning to be fulfilled. According to the argument in this poem, the act of sex is nothing more than mingling of fluids and a history of romance is not necessary. But when the word â€Å"little† (2) is used by the poet, it is not meant that he does not consider the act of lovemaking important. Rather, it is only a way of convincing his love that engaging in sex would not really be a gigantic sin (Brackett 179). In the Renaissance period, the concept of sex was really confined to mixing of the blood which according to the poet has already happened when he writes, â€Å"And in this flea our two bloods mingled bee;†

Death on Pine street Essay Example for Free

Death on Pine street Essay In this essay I will be comparing two detective stories. Sir Arthur Conan Doyles story The Speckled Band was written in the 1890s and set in England. It follows Sherlock Holmes as he investigates the unusual death of a young woman. Through clever logic he manages to solve the case entirely by simply investigating the scene of the crime. Death on Pine Street was written in the 1930s and set in America. The detective in this is a more street-wise roughed up detective, investigating the murder of a womans husband. His sly and even dishonest methods of investigation solve the case, however there are a few complexities. Both stories are first person narratives. In The Speckled Band Dr. Watson is the narrator but in Death on Pine Street, the Op himself tells us the story. This means that in the Holmes story the reader is kept in the dark about what is happening because we only know what Watson knows and, therefore, have to wait to the end of the story for Holmes to explain how he solved the crime to Watson. In the other story, because the Op is the narrator we know what he is thinking and what is happening to him. This different style works well, because although we know what he is thinking, we still have to wait to the end for the Op to explain how he solved the crime to the police; this way it doesnt ruin the element of interest that keeps the reader going on. The detectives in the two stories, Sherlock Holmes and the Continental Op, have some things in common, but are also very different characters. This is due to the very different places and times in which the stories are set. Both are private detectives solving crimes for money. They are both loners with no wives, families or girlfriends. They are both quick thinking, clever and observant they see clues and evidence that nobody else can see. They are both brave and strong, and can use weapons and know how to defend themselves. These are important factors in a good detective, which I think is why they share these traits whilst being from such different places and times. Sherlock Holmes was the first fictional detective ever, so it is probable that some of the inspiration for the Continental Op came from him. However they differ in many ways. Holmes is a more upper-class, well spoken and well-educated man. The Continental Op is more of a slang-talking, lower-class working man. He works for a company, and has to travel to meet clients. Holmes works from home; Miss Stoner comes to see him. He seems to do detective work simply for enjoyment, he tells Miss Stoner she need not pay him. Holmes seems more calm and collected, he doesnt carry a firearm or get into fisticuffs the Continental Op does both of these. Since Watson is narrating The Speckled Band, we get a good description of Holmes; the Continental Op does not describe himself at all infact the only description of him is given by the Tenant, referring to him as our little fat friend. The Continental Op is always skulking around bad areas and apartments, Holmes usually takes a safe journey to the scene of the crime (in this case a mansion). It is the difference in location and time that plays an integral part in shaping these completely different characters that share similar and almost universal traits. Death on Pine Street is set in America in the 1930s; this was during the Great Depression when times were very hard on people. Unemployment was high, many people could barely afford to live and so naturally people were more highstrung or ill-tempered, and crime rose. It was this kind of tough way of life that forms the environment and the character in Death on Pine Street. The Speckled Band is set in England, in the 1890s, a fine period for upper-class people. Holmes would have been raised comfortably, and it would not have been a necessity for him to be tough like the Continental Op. He does not deal in the same way as the Continental Op; he quietly investigates a single place, and works without any interrogations or interviews. This greatly seperates the feel of the story from Death on Pine Street, as the Continental Op interracts far more, with many more characters.

CDMA Technology

CDMA Technology â€Å"CDMA† What CDMA Technology is all about? The first proposals for CDMA cellular networks in the USA and Europe (1978-1980) yielded to alternative projects, which later evolved into the GSM and DAMPS standards. However, in the mid 1990s the 2G standard IS-95 was put forward, resting on a fully spread spectrum/ CDMA platform. At a cosmic pace, networks of this standard (later named cdmaOne) gained wide recognition in America, Asia and the former Soviet Union countries. The great success of IS-95, as well as careful analysis and further experiments, had led to acceptance of the spread spectrum/CDMA philosophy as the basic platform for the major 3G mobile radio specifications: UMTS and cdma2000. Both of them are now in the pre-operational stage and undoubtedly will become the main mobile communication instruments for the next decades. As we know it is all about multiple access, so multiple access is subdivided into: * Contention- Based Techniques * Conflict-free technique. CONTENTION BASED CONTROL: This is not in the scope of this project CONFLICT FREE CONTROL It involves the division of system resources into fixed channels which are than reserved by transmit/receive pairs of communication. This is beneficial for channels which require regular and continuos access to a channel like video and audio. Code Division Multiple Access In CDMA systems, channels are defined by the code not by time or frequency. Spread Spectrum rely on pseudo-random waveforms termed spreading codes to create noise-like transmisision.if users can be given different codes that have low cross-relation properties, channels can be defined by these codes. In CDMA channels are defined by Spreading Codes, eg with the direct sequence CDMA two signals can be defined as: Where a1(t) and a2(t) are spreading codes that define the â€Å"channel† of each user signal thus cross relation between a1(t) and a2(t) dictates the performance of CDMA.[1] Technology behind CDMA CDMA technology is based on the Spread Spectrum communication technique, in the past few years this technology has created a revolution in the wireless communication technology; today the users are using 3-G wireless data services and applications like e-mail, and videos calls etc. that requires fast transmission without any loss of data and quality. [2] Importance of Technology CDMA support all channel sizes (5 MHz, 10 MHz, etc.) provide circuit and packet data rates up to 2 Mbps, incorporate advanced multimedia capabilities, and include a framework for advanced 3G voice services, including voice over packet and circuit data. The interaction between mobiles in the same channel is the distinguishing characteristic of CDMA, CDMA Features and Services http://e-articles.info/e/a/title/CDMA-~-Features-and-services/ The features and faster access of data provided by CDMA technology leads the life of an individual to the ease of that comfort level that they need not to worry about anything in respect to the communication level. Benefits of CDMA Affecting human Life: 1 Primary voice features -. a) Call Forwarding Busy (CFB)/Call Forwarding Busy No Answer (CFNA)/Call Forwarding Busy Unconditional (CFU) CFB, CFNA, and CFU allow a called subscriber to have the system send incoming calls, addressed to the called subscribers directory number, to another directory number (forward-to number), or to the called subscribers designated voice mailbox. b) Conference Calling (CC) CC provides a subscriber with the ability to conduct a multiconnection call, i.e., a simultaneous communication between three or more parties (conferees c) Do Not Disturb (DND) DND prevents a called subscriber from receiving calls. When this feature is active, no incoming calls shall be offered to the subscriber. 2 Short Message Service Features a) Short Message Delivery-Point-to-Point Bearer Service (SMD-PP). SMDPP provides bearer service mechanisms for delivering a short message as a packet of data between two service users, known as short message entities (SMEs). The length of the bearer data may be up to 200 octets. b) Cellular Paging Teleservice (CPT) CPT conveys short textual messages (up to 63 characters) to an SME for display or storage. 3 Data transfer The best data transfer technology it has to offer is the EVDO technology, allowing for a maximum download speed of about 2mb/s (about 700kbps in practice), which is similar to what a DSL line has to offer. EVDO is not available everywhere yet and requires a cell phone that is EVDO ready. 4 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) The main advantage of using CDMA cell phone signals for reference clock purposes is that they work better inside buildings, thus often eliminating the need to mount a GPS antenna outside a building. http://www.allinterview.com/viewpost/165996.html Modulation Technique The modulation technique used in CDMA (specifically in wireless communication in mobile network) is dual-channel QPSK (hybrid phase shift keying (HPSK) or orthogonal complex quadrature phase shift keying (OCQPSK)) The methods used by dual-channel QPSK to Modulate are- Ø Orthogonal spreading Code Ø Scrambling code with Walsh Rotator Ø Pseudorandom codes (Scrambling) Orthogonal spreading Code Spreading transforms each data symbol into multiple data chips. This ratio (number of data chips/symbol) is called the spreading factor (SF). Thus, it increases the signal bandwidth. Data symbols on the I(real, or In-phase data component) and Q(imaginary, or Quadrature-phase data component) branches are combined with the channelization code In downlink it is used to separate different users within one cell, but in the uplink only to separate the different services of one user Generation of channelization code Allocation of code It is showing the root of code tree. It employs the spreading factors 4 through 512, in which 4 to 256 appears in uplink, and SF 512 is added to the SF catalogue in the downlink direction. It also shows how the codes can be allocated. Example: If the code C8,2 is allocated, then from its subtree no codes can be used (i.e. C16,4, C16,5, C32,8). These subtree codes would not be orthogonal with their parent code. Scrambling code with Walsh Rotator How it works? Example: Original data chip divided into its I and Q components (1,1) and a complex scrambling signal (-1,1). When complex scrambling takes place, the phases of these signals are added together (45 ° + 135 ° = 180 °) and the resulting signal constellation is (-1,0). The distance of I and Q from origin represents the power level of the signal. If the original data signal uses equal power levels for control and data channels, then the constellation points will be [(1,1), (-1,1), (1,-1)]. When they are scrambled using a complex scrambling code, the result always lies on either the I or Q axis; that is, mapped into the constellation points (1,0), (0,1), (-1,0), and (0,-1). This means that these phase shifts cannot cause zero crossings Pseudorandom codes (Scrambling) The orthogonal codes can only be used when the signals applying them are time synchronous. So for asynchronous users in the uplink direction if orthogonal spreading codes alone were used in the uplink, then they could easily cancel each other. So to overcome this situation pseudorandom codes are used. In this procedure, the signal, which is spreaded (full bandwidth) with an orthogonal spreading code, is further combined (means XOR) with a pseudorandom scrambling code. This scrambling code is either a long code (a Gold code with a 10-ms period) or a short code [S(2) code] Basic Requirements Hardware Software PLANET EV It is used to designing evaluation of network problems also provides a comprehensive set of coverage and interference analyses of different cell sites. Bangarpet%20Coverage%20MEIRP Tems Investigator * It provides view of the network. * It can evaluate the functionality of Call processing and received base station signal quality Tems Deskcat It estimates the performance of the network infrastructure. It can provide a comparison of oue network with the competitors network Antenna Editor It provides a view of Horizontal and vertical pattern of antenna. Skills Fault management The fault report must contain enough information so that the management system can make the right analysis and react correctly. Configuration management; Once the number of subscribers increases, new capacity is needed; thus, new equipment must be bought Performance management Ø Traffic levels within the network, both user data and control signalling Ø Verification of the network configuration Ø Resource-access measurements Ø QoS Ø Resource availability Roaming management A roaming agreement is a contract between the home-network operator and the serving-network operator User equipment management This is a feature that allows a network operator to trace the particular subscriber within the network. Software management The main software-management process can contain the following stages: Ø Delivery of software from the vendor Ø Forwarding of the software to network elements or element managers Ø Validation of the software to ensure that it is not corrupted Ø Activation of the software to an executable state ENHANCED SUBSCRIBER AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHM This method utilizes the Authentication and Key Agreement which provides mutual authentication between a base station and mobile terminal with increased key size. Mutual authentication overcomes the problem of false base station attacks, thereby preventing the voice privacy or private identity information of the subscribers from being compromised. The ESA algorithm also dismantles the cryptographic attacks such as reconstruction attack and list attack, thereby enhancing the security of existing CDMA systems. The simulation results also clearly Indicates that ESA based systems consume less power and the error rate is also less when compared with CAVE based system. Thus, the Enhanced Subscriber Authentication algorithm enhances the security of the CDMA systems. Advantages of CDMA 1. No frequency management In CDMA we are not required to use different frequency where as in both TDMA and FDMA the frequency management is always a critical task. Since there is only one channel in CDMA, no frequency management is needed. 2. No Guard Time in CDMA. In TDMA uses the concept of guard time so as to avoid interference between simultaneous users whereas in case of CDMA we are not required to add guard time which result in efficient use of bandwidth. 3. No Hard Handoff As we CDMA is based on code sequence and uses the same frequency, the connection to the new cell site can be made without breaking the connection of the current cell. And it also requires less power, which reduces interference and increases capacity. 4. Use of Rake Receiver In CDMA have rake receiver which is multiple receiver in one which identifies three multi-path signals and combines them to make a very strong signal. Both mobile and cell site use rake receivers. Whereas in case of GSM handsets it picks the first the first signal it gets. No matter what is the strength of signal? 5. Power Adjustment in CDMA- in CDMA handset itself can adjust at which they transmit the signal. This insures that base station is receiving signal at the power which is needed. Both forward and reverse link uses power control techniques. Where as in case of GSM network handset will transmit at the fix setting whatever the distance between handset and base station is. The base station would face extremely strong signal from the nearer and extremely low from the farer device which result in Near-Far Problem. 6. CDMA can have this flexibility with their own service that stores data on the operators database. So if the cell is lost then its contact any other information can be recovered where as in case of GSM if mobile is lost then SIM is also lost. 7. CDMA capacity is around 10-20 times to FDM and approx 4 times to TDMA. 8. More coverage comparatively GSM One of the main advantages of CDMA is that dropped only when the phone is at least twice as far from the base station. 9. CDMA also have better security and higher data and voice transmission quality because of the spread spectrum technology it uses, which has increased resistance to multipath distortion. Disadvantages of CDMA 1. Connection fixed with the Handset- The main problem with CDMA technology that customer faces it that it does not allow to change handset easily because many functionality is embedded in the handset whereas in case if it uses SIM card that identifies a user and stores the information in the handset. The SIM card can be swapped between handsets, which enable to move all the contacts to the new handset with ease. 2. international roaming In case of international roaming handsets with GSM is far better than CDMA handsets because GSM is used in most the markets across the globe. 3. Battery Life- The battery life in case of CDMA is lesser as compared to TDMA because CDMA handsets transmit data all the time but TDMA does not require constant transmission. CDMA is best suited for implementation 1. For Microcell and in-building Systems: CDMA is probably the best system for microcell and in-building systems. The embedded microcell shares the same frequency and has full connectivity with the overlaying macrocell. The capacity of microcell and macrocell is derived and simulated at various traffic distributions. The microcell capacity is 1.03 to 1.12 times the capacity of a regular cell. The capacity of the combined microcell and macrocell is 2.00 to 2.11 times that of a regular cell. The microcell and macrocell performance is also analyzed in terms of RF reliability, soft hand-off factors, and interference and power levels. The macrocell RF reliability will degrade more seriously than that of the microcell. The radio hand-off factors of the microcell are about 11% higher than that of the macrocell. The average required forward traffic channel power of the microcell is about 10% less than that of the macrocell. Microcell engineering guidelines in a commercial CDMA system are als o provided. The results show that embedding the microcell in an existing CDMA network could be a very efficient way to improve hot-spot capacity and dead-spot coverage.[1] 2. For rural area  § CDMA is that dropped only when the phone is at least twice as far from the base station. So it will be profitable in constructing the number of tower where in case of GSM it will be more because its coverage area is less.  § CDMA handsets can also work with anolog signal; we can get at rural areas where digital signals cannot be transmitted. 3. For Dense area CDMA uses spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel, coding provides more users for the same amount of available power used in other system. Problems In Implementation of CDMA Ø Spectrum Shortage The major problem faced by CDMA technology is lack of available spectrum and this is hindering their subscriber growth. In India CDMA operators are having problem in allocation of spectrum in 1900 MHz band which is common in other regions. According to B.B. Anand (President for Regulatory Affairs at Reliance Infocomm ) It is of the utmost importance that the 1900 MHz spectrum be allocated to CDMA operators in India to ensure that the region remains part of the international community of roaming wireless subscribers worldwide,[1] In India the band was allocated to Defense Services for their mobile communication usage. However upon the launch of mobile communication services for public, coordination was sought from the Defense department to make the spectrum available for mobile services. The Defense is releasing some spectrum through auction but it is opposed by the GSM operators on the commercial ground for preventing growth of CDMA Ø Low performance in hilly regions- The towers in CDMA interfere with each other and normally they are installed on much shorter towers and because of this CDMA (IS-95 standard) may not perform well in hilly terrains and India has plenty of such region in north region. Ø Near Far effect- In Near Far effect the code transmitted from a transmitter (A) to receiver is interfered by another transmitter (B) which is nearer to the receiver as compared to sender transmitter and this make difficult for identification of the original signals by the receiver .This effect became a major obstacle for successful implementation of CDMA technology. It is very expensive to solve the near far problem in a CDMA system. The precision power control algorithm are used to solve near far problem which consists of open loop power control and closed loop power control and this make a CDMA transreciever very complicated in both hardware and software implementation. Ø Breathing of Base Stations, where coverage area shrinks under load. In CDMA as number of subscribers using a particular sit increases the range of that site goes down. In other words unlike GSM where number of users are finite but in CDMA users are not finite and in more load the voice quality goes down. Design And Implementation of CDMA CDMA basics The CDMA technology works on basic principle of communicating through specific code on available frequency instead of assigning a specific frequency. Since users are specified by code they are able to use same carrier frequency and this eliminates the frequency reuse problem encountered in other technologies. Implementation At Sender site cdma Steps in generation of CDMA signals 1. Analog to Digital Conversion of Voice: CDMA uses Pulse code Modulation (PCM) for converting analog voice or audio to digital signal. This process is also known as digitalization. 2. Voice Compression: CDMA uses a special device VOCODER to do voice compression. They are located at the BSC and in the phone. While talking we give space or pause between words and CDMA takes advantage of these pauses in speech activity by using a variable rate vocoder. There are four data rates at which vocoder compresses the voice signal and they are  ½,  ¼, 1/8 and Full. Vocoder uses its full rate when a person is talking very fast. It uses the 1/8 rate when the person is nearly silent. 3. Encoding and Interleaving: Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. They build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in the transmission can be recovered. CDMA uses convolutional encoding to encode audio signals provided by VOCODERS. Interleaving is used to reduce the effects of burst errors and recovering lost bits. 4. Channelization: The encoded data after encoding and interleaving is again encoded to separate it from other encoded data. After that encoded signals are spreaded over the entire channel. CDMA uses WLASH code to channelize user on the forward or upward link i.e. from BTS to mobile and Pseudorandom noises to channelize user on reverse link or downward link i.e. from mobile to BTS. 5. Converting digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The channelized data from all calls are combined into one signal and then it is converted into radio frequency signal for transmission. A more relevant and self explanatory example is show below of transmission through base station. As explained above each conversation is compressed with a vocoder and the output is doubled by a convolutional encoder that adds redundancy for error checking. The encoded bit are then channelized and all calls are combined and modulated onto a carrier frequency. At Receiver site At receiving site the steps followed are just opposite of sender site 1. Conversion of RF signal to digital signal 2. Despreading the signal 3. Deinterleaving and decoding 4. Voice decompression 5. Digital to analog voice recovery RF signal are converted into digital signal by quantization into bits (chips) by the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The output is deschannellized and decoded through a decoder know as Viterbi decoder which corrects the errors using the convolutional code. The output goes to the vocoder for decompression and then to digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which decompresses the bits and turns them back into waveforms (sound). Reference 1. Unknown (14 Oct 2004).CDMA Wireless Community Calls For Harmonized Spectrum Allocation.Available: http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/October2004/8463.htm Last accessed 3 March 2010. 2. Available: http://www.pangolinsms.com/images/cellular-standards/cdma-large.gif Last accessed 30 March 2010. 3. Available: http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/cdma Last accessed 16 March 2010. 4. Available: http://www.cdmauniversity.com/ProdTech/cdma/training/cdma25/intro/modules.html Last accessed 23 March2010.

Nelson Mandela Essay -- Nelson Mandela Essays

Activist, lawyer, father, prisoner, survivor, president, the face of equality. Nelson Mandela has an inspiring story of fighting Apartheid forces and surviving a long prison sentence all in the name of freedom and equal rights. Through Nelson Mandela’s constant fight for freedom of the African people from white apartheid forces, he was dominated by the corrupt government. After uprising numerous riots against apartheid forces, Mandela was sent to jail for twenty-seven years revealing the cruelty that humans can possess. With the strong will power and complete support of the African people, Mandela survived his prison sentence and became the first democratically elected president of South Africa exposing the strength in human nature by showing that humans can persevere through tough times. Mandela left a profound impact on the African people by saving them from corrupt Apartheid rule and bringing a democratic government. Thus teaching the world that in an event where a body of people is suppressed, they will inevitably rebel by any means necessary to gain their freedom. Nelson Mandela’s life can be seen as a double climax: where he survived events directly related to the Apartheid’s cruel/unjust actions along with enduring medical ailments later on in his life. In a four year span, from 1960 to 1964, Mandela had to find strength and will power to persevere through a rollercoaster of events. Mandela’s affiliation in the African National Congress allowed him to organize supporters and protest against the inequality of whites and blacks in Africa, and bring attention to the abuse blacks have been forced to endure for far too long. The constant back and forth commotion between the apartheid and the freedom protestors caused a snowba... ...t a Middle East country? Would similar things/punishments occur? Works Cited de Zayas, Alfred. "Nelson Mandela." Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. Humanitarians and Reformers. New York: Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1999. Print. Keller, Bill. Tree Shaker: The Story of Nelson Mandela. Boston: Kingfisher, 2008. Print. Mandela, Nelson, and Nelson Mandela. Mandela: An Illustrated Autobiography. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996. Print. McKenna, Amy. The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time. New York, NY: Britannica Educational Pub. in Association with Rosen Educational Services, 2010. Print. "Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 11 Mar. 2012.

Sylvia Plath’s Poetry Is Dark and Disturbing

From studying the unique poetry of Plath, I found it intense, deeply personal and somewhat disturbing as she wrote about the horrors of depression with ruthless honesty. Her poetry is personal in that she talks about a taboo subject that wasn't acknowledged during her lifetime and in a way it made her poems brilliantly intense. This can be seen most clearly in ‘Child’, ‘Elm’, ‘Poppies in July’ and also ‘Mirror’. ‘Elm’s’ tone is insanely intense, dark and plain miserable and this makes the reader feel immensely disturbed.It is clear from reading Plath’s work that she was in a dark hole, willing to escape. ‘Elm’ finished with the disturbing line â€Å"That kill, that kill, that kill†. We can see through her callous honesty and the unsettling atmosphere that she is tormented when she says â€Å"Till your head is a stone, your pillow a little turf†. Here, she is using an image of a g rave and this sense of mortality is extremely personal, many poets wouldn't write about such agitated thoughts. Her startling honesty is seen when she says â€Å"I am terrified by this dark thing†.Plath is afraid, she is desperate and she is reaching out to her readers, begging for help. Her use of words in ‘Elm’ is also interesting. â€Å"Faults† could be emotional and/or physical and this shows the psychological states explored throughout Sylvia Plath’s work. â€Å"Malignity† symbolizes evil and the intensity of how disturbed her life was. Another poem that describes the intense and disturbing life of Plath in a deeply disturbing and personal way is ‘Poppies in July’.This poem was written just after the break-up of the marriage to the love of her life Ted Hughes. In the unsettled atmosphere, it is evident that Plath is permeated with heartbreak and depression. Her anger is displayed through the disturbing use of the colour red, also symbolising danger. Poppies are usually a magnificent image of happiness and nature, but in Plath’s poem we can see through her dubious and appalling honesty that even the nice things in life are making her angry and upset, she can get no happiness from anything anymore. Colourless†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I feel an intense sadness for Plath as I read this poem because what she is aching for is help a human hand. She is looking for escape, oblivion, relief or neutrality, she can see no life worth living anymore and this makes ‘Poppies in July’ even more disturbing. Plath’s eccentric, queer and haunting writing is also seen in ‘Child’. This poem is very personal and although it is primarily a happy poem about her child there is an intense underlying sadness and emptiness. This poem is not angry, just negative, heartbreaking and regretful. Should† (the full quote would be better here) implies she wishes she was able to give her children somethi ng better, she is disturbingly sorry for not being able to give them everything they want and need. In this personal poem it is evident she loves her child very much and this is what makes it even more haunting and disturbing because she is so unstable and in a state of self-destruction â€Å"Your eye is the one absolutely beautiful thing†. We saw such anguish and hopelessness at the end of ‘Child’ when she says â€Å"This dark ceiling without a star†.I personally found this heartbreaking as it is so obvious how much she loves her child, but she knows that she is nearing the end; she can’t see any light in her life even though as a reader it is obvious that the light could have been her children. Therefore, I found ‘Child’ a disturbing and intense poem to study. Another poem by Plath that I found to be personal on an intense and disturbing way was ‘Mirror’. It is clear as Plath looks into the mirror that she is unhappy, wat ching her age. A mirror never lies, but Plath cannot find solace in what she sees.She fears herself as she sees her past and youth before her. â€Å"In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises towards her day after day, like a terrible fish. † Plath also called candles and the moon, both symbols of love and light. â€Å"Liars†: they both cast a shadow. This disturbing, empty thought clearly shows her tormented mind and that love is futile. The final poem I am going to discuss that shows Plath’s emptiness is ‘Finisterre’. Again, it is unsettling, negative and quite violent and shows her tormented state.I found this poem quite haunting and it shows the disturbing and intense time Plath was going through. â€Å"Whitened by the faces of the drowned†. The sea is also associated with death by Plath. â€Å"Souls rolled in the doom-noise of the sea†. Here, she is disconnected from the world, she also shows her disgust to o rganised religion when she says the Holy statue is ignoring the prayers of the people at her feet. With her callous honesty we can see that Plath can’t even find hope or rest in a God, she is well and truly alone. In conclusion, I found the poetry of Sylvia Plath to be intense, disturbing and personal.I enjoyed her poetry as everybody has off days so her poems are easy to relate to in the sense that everyone feels empty and unknown sadness’s now and again. Knowing about her sad death really cements these feelings in the poems as we can see that unfortunately she gave up, she never found the hope or person she as looking for to save her from her tormented mind. Therefore, with her ruthless verity, it is obvious that Plath’s personal poems project her life in an intense and disturbing way because in the end, this magnificent, poignant poet could see nothing to live for.

Horde, Trooper, and Towards

Horde, Trooper, and Towards Horde, Trooper, and Towards Horde, Trooper, and Towards By Maeve Maddox Some usage errors are so widespread that readers begin to wonder if they’re mistaken about the correct form. horde/hoard A reader came across the phrase â€Å"hoards of databases† used to mean â€Å"many databases.† He thought the usage was incorrect, but as the usage was printed in â€Å"a best selling book from quite a famous publisher,† he doubted his own judgment: â€Å"My question is: is the incorrect usage becoming acceptable nowadays?† No, horde and hoard still have different meanings. The context calls for â€Å"hordes of databases† because the meaning is â€Å"a vast number.† The earliest use of horde was to refer to a large number of tribal people, but now it is used to refer to things as well as people. The noun spelled hoard means â€Å"an accumulation of something of value that has been hidden or put aside until wanted.† In early use, hoard meant anything hidden, like treasure. Beowulf’s dragon sleeps on a hoard. See â€Å"Hordes of People Shouldn’t Hoard.† trooper/trouper Another reader questions the following headline in her local newspaper: Three-year-old Martinsburg girl battling leukemia a real trooper Asks the reader, Shouldn’t that be ‘trouper’? Yes, it should. A troupe is a performing group, like a ballet troupe or an acting troupe. The word trooper refers to military or paramilitary personnel. Although one does expect troopers to be tough and hardworking, trouper is the word that is used with the meaning â€Å"a brave, hardworking, persistent, dedicated person.† See †Trooper or Trouper?† toward/towards Finally, a reader is puzzled by an interview with an American speaker who was present when the bombs went off at the 2013 Boston Marathon: He keeps saying towards, for example, â€Å"Several people have asked me why I ran towards the smoke.† The usual take on the difference between toward and towards is that toward is American usage and towards is British usage. Fowler called towards the preferred usage and toward either â€Å"literary or provincial.† I usually write towards, but dutifully remove the s when revising. I suspect that other American speakers do also. The American AP Stylebook states flatly, â€Å"toward: not towards.† The Chicago Manual of Style adds a note about other directional words: The same is true for other directional words, such as upward, downward, forward, and backward, as well as afterward. The use of afterwards and backwards as adverbs is neither rare nor incorrect. But for the sake of consistency, it is better to stay with the simpler form. If you are writing for an American publication, go with toward. See †Running Toward the House or Towards the House?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should Know75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†Mankind vs. Humankind

Problems in Gov essays

Problems in Gov essays Major issues state governments confront in the U.S. are basic issues that people have a lot to say about. These issues are interest group pressure, waste management, gambling, abortion, gun control, capital punishment, and emergency services. But first lets look at why people vote or do not vote. Why vote is a question that people try and figure out but just can not see reasons why they should take the time to make there way out on an election day and cast there vote. Local and state elections get about 30% of the people in there county, city, or state to come out and vote. Presidential elections always get larger amounts of people to come out and vote. Why do people stay home on Election Day? In class we rationally theorized to try and understand the nonvoting in the states. We came up with a few reasons, they are as follows: Registration requirements that are restrictive, there must be a good competition between the candidates, and peoples civic attachments and education. Hate, l ie, and vote this is the way a rational voter thinks. Rational voters are ones who seek to maximize personal benefits and minimize costs. Then you have your loyal voter. A loyal voter is someone who votes every time and is there for every election, no matter what its for. People who are loyal voters are usually old, wealthy, educated, and/or white. It takes a certain type of person to run for office or participate in the election campaign in someway. The following percentages are of the people who participate in politics: How do you get people to vote/register to vote? You could go door to door to peoples houses, usually job of a councilman. When someone applies for a license they have an opportunity to register. This is the Voter/Motor Law. When a person applies for welfare they have the opportunity to apply to vote also. This is part of the welfare reform. People will go to the polls when they feel that the election is close because t...

A day without a mexican essays

A day without a mexican essays Watching the movie , A Day Without a Mexican, made me realize that not only can we live without Mexicans in our lives, but probably every single human being of different race. God created all of us and we were brought to this Earth for a specific purpose, job, and/or task in life. Just like unique individuals, we have people of different race who were brought to do their own tasks on Earth. Im sure without different people; the world would be bland if we all looked the same. The world would also be empty without those who fill up the spaces in our lives. These are the people who work their equal share of labor to make our world revolve. People of the same race also have their own unique individual characteristics. Some stay true to their roots and some adapt to the environment that they have to be in. Like me, I am a Filipino but I was born and raised in Guam which is a U.S. territory. I was friends with more Chamorros (natives of Guam) and white people than I was with Filipinos. I pretty much grew up with both cultures. When I moved here to the mainland for almost three years already, I definitely changed and adapted to the environment and became more Americanized and what my friends call white washed. This refers to liking their music, people (males), lifestyle, clothing, etc. I like the American culture but I will never forget the culture that I mostly grew up with, the Guam culture. I also will definitely not forget my own culture as well. This example of mine is similar to some of the people in the movie, like the anchor woman who wasnt after all a Mexican. In her heart though, she was, because she g rew up as a Mexican and an American. Other characters in the story had interracial relationships which I believe is not bad at all considering I am more interested in the opposite sex out of my race. This shows that we are all divided but united ...

Wal-Mart Business Model Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart Business Model - Case Study Example It set-up giant all-in-one stores in small towns which quickly gained patronage because of the service that Wal-Mart associates provide and customers are able to buy the products they need in one convenient place. Today, Wal-Mart is the world's largest retailer with $345 billion in sales, with more than 176 million customers per week visiting its more than 6,500 stores worldwide, 61,000 suppliers and providing more than 3 million American jobs. (walmartstores.com 2008) Wal-Mart's continuing success may be attributed to Sam Walton's foresight in including information technology in its business model to facilitate organizational innovation. As early as 1966, Walton was recruiting IT professionals from IBM to help him wire his company. This led to innovations in just-in-time inventory, choreographed logistics and warehousing. (Beckham 2002) Wal-Mart's business model mandates that it provides the products and services that customers would want to buy. With the company's enormous data warehouse which includes customers' purchases, Wal-Mart knows what its customer wants and "it provides merchandise and designs its stores according to customer preferences." (Felgner 2006) In support of its objective of customer satisfaction, through technology, Wal-Mart is able to process more than 20 million customers per day, with credit card approvals done in less than a second. (Scheraga 2004) In 2000, Walmart.com was founded. Aside from fostering the ideals of its parent company, its additional goal is to provide easy access to more Wal-Mart with "more than 1 million products available online" and innovative services such as Music Downloads and Photo Services which allow customers to order online and pick-up at the nearest Wal-Mart, all available to Wal-Mart's customers 24/7. (walmart.com 2008) In 2001, Wal-Mart worked with NCR for the design and deployment of kiosks in the stores to help customers scan in items for bridal and baby registries, an innovation to improve customer service. According to Walton, "People think we got big by putting big stores in small towns. Really, we got big by replacing inventory with information." (Beckham 2002) In its industry, Wal-Mart is acknowledged for its legendary replenishment and forecasting system which Ron Ireland, one of the people who built it, says is what "retailers are scrambling to do today what Wal-Mart achieved years ago." (Hickey 2006) Because of Wal-Mart's use of technology, its inventory accuracy is above 96% vs. 70% for other food retailers. Wal-Mart has improved in-stocks, reduced holding inventory, reduced manual intervention and achieved much greater profit margins, according to Ireland. (Hickey 2006) All these cut down Wal-Mart's cost of operations and contribute to lowering selling prices for its customers. With Wal-Mart's employment of technology and e-Business practices of integration and synchronization among connected players, it is able to achieve operational efficiency and revenue enhancement, according to Ralph Drayer, former vice-president of Procter & Gamble. (Hickey 2006) "Wal-Mart's success is due not just to computers, but many other things besides: the late Sam Walton's entrepreneurship; his strategy of avoiding early competition by 'putting good-sized discount stores into little one-horse towns which everybody else was ignoring"; his insistence on saturating one area with stores before moving on to the next; his drive to keep costs

Design entrepreneurship-business innovation Essay

Design entrepreneurship-business innovation - Essay Example In short chaos ruled and the area of greater concern was the bad atmosphere that was developing among the group members. It was necessary that leadership emerge in the group to pull the group out of the morass that it was falling into, in keeping with Max Depree’s differentiation between management and leadership in his book, Leadership is an Art â€Å"that management is essentially a push operation while leadership is a pull operation†. Yet, as leadership emerged it would need to display the four essential dimensions of vision, reality, ethics and courage to be successful, as suggested by philosopher Peter Koestenbaum. (Ind, N. 2001). As I sit back and reflect on the manner in which I contributed to the group during my tenure of leadership I feel that I did in some way display the four essential characteristics of leadership. I had the vision to see that in the manner that we were going about, we would not complete the journal that we were supposed to do. I had accepted the reality that I was a member of a group, each with talents and individual abilities that only needed to be harnessed. There was no discrimination in my acceptance of the individuals that made up the group and their views. I did display courage in standing firmly by the group activities that I had planned despite the slight objections that arose. Reflecting again on my performance as a leader of the group there were two activities that provide me with the impression that I am more of a transformational leader than any other form of leader. The first was the brain storming session that I implemented to cause the group to focus on the job at hand and make individual contributions that could be used by the group, thus bringing about mutual satisfaction. The second aspect was the ability to set a framework of ground rules for the group and the acceptance of these ground rules by the group. This meant that I

Lifelong Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifelong Learning - Essay Example These include cousera, w3schools, OpenLearn Alison, Stanford, and MIT. W3schools for instance, offers courses on SQL, PHP, JavaScript, CSS, HTML5, Server Side Scripting, XML tutorials, Web building, jQuery and HTML Graphics. On the other hand, cousera offers a wider variety of courses depending on the field of study. These range from mobile application development, databases, and major programming languages including Java, Android, C++ and C. Various universities have partnered to offer these courses free of charge. The scope is wide covering virtually everything in the field of computing and technology. The classes I may be interested in taking include advanced database design and management, Database administration, data mining and data warehouse, software development and information & cyber security. I will also be keen to take a course in human-computer interaction that is offered by cousera. The reasons for choosing these courses is to be able to manage data at the highest level to ensure that I create efficient and reliable queries to retrieve information from the database. Software development is vital especially in Java so as to integrate the backend database and the front end to be able to deliver user-friendly applications that are robust. The human-computer interaction course comes in to cover the knowledge gap in providing products that will make navigation and usage easy for users. That is the basis of customer satisfaction in the use of those products. The security is important since technology is evolving and leaving loopholes. Thus persons with ill intentions access information from various institutions and use it for their own good (The Basics of Information Security, 2014). I want to be able to counter hackers and crackers. Consequently, I wish to be in a position of offering vital advice to the institutions in the security measures to implement in to protect it

Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia Term Paper

Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia - Term Paper Example This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and causes the jamming of blood vessels. One of the characteristic symptoms of sickle cell anemia is pain. Sickle cell anemia is found mainly in people belonging to malaria endemic regions for e.g. Africa. A definitive cure for this debilitating illness is yet to be found and so the treatment given to the patients is still largely symptomatic and supportive. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp.859) (Abnormal phospholipid molecular species of erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia, Connor et al. 1997) Hemoglobin: Structure The structure of the hemoglobin molecule was deciphered by scientists, Kendrew and Perutz using X-ray crystallography in 1959. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying chromoprotein. It is found in red blood cells of vertebrates. 1 red blood cell contains approximately 600 million hemoglobin molecules. It consists of 4 Heme molecules which are attached to 4 polypeptide or globin chains. Heme is a cyclic tetrapyrrole i.e. it consists of 4 molecules of pyrrole. It imparts a red color due to the methyl, vinyl and proprionate groups attached to it. Each heme group also contains one ferrous ion (prosthetic group)present in the porphyrin ring which is present in the center of the heme. The 4 globin chains that make up a hemoglobin molecule are known as ?and ? chains. The two ?chains each contain 141 amino acids, while the two ?chains contain 146 amino acids. These chains are derived mainly from chromosome 16 and 11. Hemoglobin is a globular protein and the 4 protein chains are held together in what is known as a quaternary structure. The hydrophobic parts of the chains point inwards towards the molecule, whereas the hydrophilic parts point outwards. This makes the molecule soluble in water. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp103, 859) (Interactive-Biology 2012) (The Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia, 2003)(Hemoglobin: Molecular modeling, 2011) Hemoglobin: Function The hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the transport of oxy gen from the lungs to the cells of the body. Each oxygen molecule is attached to the ferrous ion in each heme group. Thus, one hemoglobin molecule is capable of carrying 8 oxygen atoms at a time. It also carries the carbon dioxide molecules back to the lungs for excretion. Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms: in solution, as carbamino-hemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions.(Taylor et al. 1997 pp.479, 481) The hemoglobin molecule shows cooperative binding kinetics, i.e. when one oxygen molecules has been attached, the binding of the rest of the oxygen molecules becomes easier. The oxygen-dissociation curve is sigmoid. It shows that at low partial pressures of oxygen, the hemoglobin molecule readily gives up oxygen, which is then used up by the tissues. Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide also cause the release of oxygen from the molecule. Under these conditions the curve shifts to the right. This is known as the Bohr Effect. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp.479-480) Hemoglobin: Synthes is Hemoglobin synthesis starts to occur in the proerythroblast stage of the RBC cycle. The molecule is produced by mitochondria and ribosomes in a series of reactions. Heme is synthesized in the mitochondria. Glycine &succinyl-CoA condense to form  ?-aminolevulinic acid  (ALA). This reaction occurs in the presence of ALA-synthase. ALA exits the

Ford and Toyota SWOT Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ford and Toyota SWOT Analysis - Research Paper Example . TMC maintains a 16 percent market share in the US. In 2005, it was ranked 8th on the Forbes 2000 directory of the world’s leading companies. Toyota sales also rose by 9.2 percent mostly due to the demand for Camry and Corolla sedans. Weaknesses TMC, in the last quarter of 2009 through to the first quarter of 2010, recalled more than eight million cars and trucks in many recall campaigns and even stopped production and sales temporarily. Japanese car producers have numerously criticized the Toyota Motor Corporation as being more of foreign importers than local producers. Due to the numerous large- scale re-calls, Toyota faced a lot of criticism in 2005. The issue of the quality of their cars was also mentioned at a worrying level (Pershing, 2006).   Toyota was also hit badly by the global economic crisis of 2008. In the same year, Toyota recorded its first annual loss in its 70-year history. The Toyota Motor Corporation, in May 2009, reported a record yearly net loss of US $4.2 billion. This was a major blow to the company especially because it had also recorded a loss the previous year. While its competitors offer most of their brands worldwide, Toyota concentrates most of its brands in Japan and the US thus does not achieve global efficiency. Opportunities Due to the joint ventures with the French motoring companies Peugeot and Citroen, opportunities for Toyota to produce cars in France have risen. When the State Bank of India decreased interest rates on automotive loans citing decreased production as its reason in 2009, a major opportunity was created for Toyota. Due to the rise in gas prices and the growing need to conserve the environment, consumers in North America, mostly, shifted to more fuel efficient, eco- friendly and high quality cars from... Kiichiro Toyoda founded the Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) in 1937 with its headquarters at Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Being the largest automobile manufacturer, both by sales and production, Toyota employ more than 320,808 people throughout the globe. Here is its SWOT analysis. TMC is the world’s largest motor vehicle manufacturer by both sales and production. It is also a part of the â€Å"Toyota Group† which is one of the biggest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is well known for their environmentally safe, good quality, durable, reliable, convenient and value for money cars. Toyota, in 1997, began manufacture of the world’s best-selling car to date, the Toyota Prius. This was in the bid to provide the world with an environmentally friendly, cheap to maintain car (Liker, 2004). The Toyota Motor Corporation exhibits principles and a culture of continuous improvement and respect for people. Toyota has strong marketing and distribution efforts focused mainly on meeting the diverse needs of their clientele, close involvement of customer’s views in production and high quality sales and services. TMC maintains a 16 percent market share in the US. In 2005, it was ranked 8th on the Forbes 2000 directory of the world’s leading companies. Toyota sales also rose by 9.2 percent mostly due to the demand for Camry and Corolla sedans. their brands worldwide, Toyota concentrates most of its brands in Japan and the US thus does not achieve global efficiency. That provides the ability to produce fuel-efficient, high quality and smaller automobiles.

The Factors contributing to Wounded Knee Massacre Essay

The Factors contributing to Wounded Knee Massacre - Essay Example At another point the author maligns politicians by saying that "it was no secret that politicians stuffed the Indian agencies with political appointees who were, more often than not, corrupt and indifferent to the needs of their charges. Eventually, the abused Indians broke out and started killing local settlers, at which point the military men were called in to risk their lives to restore order" (205, 206). Here again, the role of Indians in killing local settlers is depicted as a reaction to a set of conditions developed by politicians. In my opinion, such texts are purposely created under the influence of powerful forces to achieve hidden aims. Hidden aims may include the idea of taking benefit from a given situation to promote a new concept that is previously non-existent. It appears that there is a hidden agenda behind blaming party politics. In this case, the reason for this appears to be that the author wants the readers to stay focused only on one cause of the issue. By doing this, the other factors that contributed to the massacre, have been allowed to escape the vision of the readers. Not only this, but the author also manages to create a feeling of hopelessness and fear among the readers, which is likely to keep the readers away from party politics.

Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia Term Paper

Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia - Term Paper Example This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and causes the jamming of blood vessels. One of the characteristic symptoms of sickle cell anemia is pain. Sickle cell anemia is found mainly in people belonging to malaria endemic regions for e.g. Africa. A definitive cure for this debilitating illness is yet to be found and so the treatment given to the patients is still largely symptomatic and supportive. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp.859) (Abnormal phospholipid molecular species of erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia, Connor et al. 1997) Hemoglobin: Structure The structure of the hemoglobin molecule was deciphered by scientists, Kendrew and Perutz using X-ray crystallography in 1959. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying chromoprotein. It is found in red blood cells of vertebrates. 1 red blood cell contains approximately 600 million hemoglobin molecules. It consists of 4 Heme molecules which are attached to 4 polypeptide or globin chains. Heme is a cyclic tetrapyrrole i.e. it consists of 4 molecules of pyrrole. It imparts a red color due to the methyl, vinyl and proprionate groups attached to it. Each heme group also contains one ferrous ion (prosthetic group)present in the porphyrin ring which is present in the center of the heme. The 4 globin chains that make up a hemoglobin molecule are known as ?and ? chains. The two ?chains each contain 141 amino acids, while the two ?chains contain 146 amino acids. These chains are derived mainly from chromosome 16 and 11. Hemoglobin is a globular protein and the 4 protein chains are held together in what is known as a quaternary structure. The hydrophobic parts of the chains point inwards towards the molecule, whereas the hydrophilic parts point outwards. This makes the molecule soluble in water. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp103, 859) (Interactive-Biology 2012) (The Molecular Biology of Sickle Cell Anemia, 2003)(Hemoglobin: Molecular modeling, 2011) Hemoglobin: Function The hemoglobin molecule is responsible for the transport of oxy gen from the lungs to the cells of the body. Each oxygen molecule is attached to the ferrous ion in each heme group. Thus, one hemoglobin molecule is capable of carrying 8 oxygen atoms at a time. It also carries the carbon dioxide molecules back to the lungs for excretion. Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms: in solution, as carbamino-hemoglobin and as bicarbonate ions.(Taylor et al. 1997 pp.479, 481) The hemoglobin molecule shows cooperative binding kinetics, i.e. when one oxygen molecules has been attached, the binding of the rest of the oxygen molecules becomes easier. The oxygen-dissociation curve is sigmoid. It shows that at low partial pressures of oxygen, the hemoglobin molecule readily gives up oxygen, which is then used up by the tissues. Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide also cause the release of oxygen from the molecule. Under these conditions the curve shifts to the right. This is known as the Bohr Effect. (Taylor et al. 1997 pp.479-480) Hemoglobin: Synthes is Hemoglobin synthesis starts to occur in the proerythroblast stage of the RBC cycle. The molecule is produced by mitochondria and ribosomes in a series of reactions. Heme is synthesized in the mitochondria. Glycine &succinyl-CoA condense to form  ?-aminolevulinic acid  (ALA). This reaction occurs in the presence of ALA-synthase. ALA exits the

The Factors contributing to Wounded Knee Massacre Essay

The Factors contributing to Wounded Knee Massacre - Essay Example At another point the author maligns politicians by saying that "it was no secret that politicians stuffed the Indian agencies with political appointees who were, more often than not, corrupt and indifferent to the needs of their charges. Eventually, the abused Indians broke out and started killing local settlers, at which point the military men were called in to risk their lives to restore order" (205, 206). Here again, the role of Indians in killing local settlers is depicted as a reaction to a set of conditions developed by politicians. In my opinion, such texts are purposely created under the influence of powerful forces to achieve hidden aims. Hidden aims may include the idea of taking benefit from a given situation to promote a new concept that is previously non-existent. It appears that there is a hidden agenda behind blaming party politics. In this case, the reason for this appears to be that the author wants the readers to stay focused only on one cause of the issue. By doing this, the other factors that contributed to the massacre, have been allowed to escape the vision of the readers. Not only this, but the author also manages to create a feeling of hopelessness and fear among the readers, which is likely to keep the readers away from party politics.

The Clock Essay Example for Free

The Clock Essay A ‘clock’ is an instrument used to specify, record, and manage time. The word ‘clock’ comes from the French word â€Å"cloche† meaning bell, came into use when timekeepers were kept in bell towers in the Middle Ages. Historians do not who or when mankind â€Å"invented† a time-keeping device or a â€Å"clock†. Probably thousands of years ago when someone stuck a stick in the ground and saw a shadow of the sun move across the ground, known as the sundial. (Cummings, 1997-2012). After the Samarian culture left little knowledge behind, the Egyptians were next to divide their day in two parts. A vertical stick, or obelisk that is used to cast a shadow is known as a sundial. They were used as early as 3500 B.C.. Another shadow clock or sundial, possibly the first portable timepiece, came into use around 1500 B.C. to measure the passage of hours. As the sun moves from east to west, the shadows predict the time of the day. They also showed the years longest and shortest days when the shadow at noon was the shortest or longest of the year. The Greeks used a sundial called â€Å"pelekinon†. These sundials are marked to predict time accurately throughout the year. They built a more accurate sundial based on their knowledge of geometry. An ancient Egyptian sundial from the 8th century and a Greek sundial are still in existence today. Water clocks along with sundials are known to be the oldest time-measurements devices. The bowl-shaped outflow is the simplest form of a water clock and is known to have existed in Babylon and in Egypt around the 16th century BC. Other regions of the world, including India and China, also have early evidence of water clocks, but the earliest dates are less certain. Some authors, however, claim that water clocks appeared in China as early as 4000 BC. (Cowan, 1958) Ctesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius (Greek: ΚτÎ ·ÃÆ'ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ²ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š) (fl. 285–222 BC) was a Greek inventor and mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt. (As of 2008, 1768–2010) He improved the clepsydra in the 3rd century by B.C. by which water that dripped into the container raised a float that carried a cursor to mark the hours. He attached a toothed rack with a float switch that when raised would turn a wheel where he installed mechanical signing birds and bells to signify certain hours of the day such as noon or midnight. In the 16th century A.D.  clepsydras were used by Galileo to time his experimental falling objects. A candle-timepiece is also of ancient origin. No one knows exactly when it originated. It was used to measure the transitory of time by marking intervals along the span of the candle. Ancient Egyptians used tallow, an animal substances to make candles. The Romans were the first to use a wick inside of a candle. Beeswax was used to make candles during the middle ages, however it was very expensive. It was said that the Romans and the Chinese would use candle-timepieces as alarm clocks. They would stick a nail in a certain point of the candle depending on the desired time. Whenever the candle wax melted down to the nail, the nail would then fall onto a tin pan and make a noise. An hourglass or sand clock was a commonly used time device. Its consist of two glass compartments connected by a narrow neck containing an certain amount of sand that slowly trickles from the bottom chamber to the lower in a set amount of time, often one hour or so. Hourglasses were very popular on board ships, as they were the most dependable measurement of time while at sea. Unlike the clepsydra, the motion of the ship while sailing did not affect the hourglass. The fact that the hourglass also used granular materials instead of liquids gave it more accurate measurements, as the clepsydra was prone to get condensation inside it during temperature changes. (Balmer, (Oct., 1978)). In the early-to-mid -14th century A.D., large mechanical clocks begin to appear in towers of several large Italian cities. These clocks were weight driven and very inaccurate. One of the first clocks to strike the hour was in Milan in around 1335 A.D. These clocks only had one hand, the hour hand. In 1510, a man by the name of Peter Henlein, a locksmith and clock maker of Nuremburg, Germany, invented the spring driven clock. He is often considered the inventor of the watch. (Dohrn-van Rossum Dunlap, 1996). In 1557, the minute hand was invented. However, it wasn’t until the invention of the pendulum in the late 1600’s that the minute hand became useful. As electricity was introduced, clocks began to use an electrical impulse to operate the dials of a master clock. The electrical current replaced the spring and weight as a power source. The piezoelectric effect given by the quartz crystals was discovered by the  Curie brothers, Pierre and Paul-Jacques Curie in 1880, but wasn’t applied into a clock until 1929. This effect exhibited by certain crystals generating a voltage when subject to an electric field, induced an electric potential to nearby conductors, therefore powering the clock. These clocks can have an accuracy of one second every 10 years. Along with these inventions, Charles Dowd introduces the idea of time zones in 1870 dividing the United States by meridians one hour, and 15 degrees apart using Greenwich, England as zero meridian. In 1883 the railroads adopt the four time zones for the continental United States. And in 1918 the United States Congress passes the ‘Standard Time Act’, authorizing The Interstate Commerce Commission to establish standard time zones within the United States, and establishing daylight saving times. Finally, In 1949 The National Institute of Standards and Technology built the first atomic clock, using ammonia. A second is formally defined as 9,192,631,770 vibrations of the cesium atom. Atomic clock NIST-7 has been the main atomic time standard for the United States, and is among the best time standards in the world.

Case Study: Pre Eclampsia | Essay

Case Study: Pre Eclampsia | Essay This essay is based on a case study and will discuss the underlying pathophysiology, management and psychosocial aspects a patient faces when diagnosed with pre-eclampsia. Information was obtained through the patient and from their medical notes. Section A: Case History JB is a 38-year-old, gravida 4, para 0, Caucasian female who presented in hospital at 36 weeks plus 5 days gestation with sudden development of oedema in the face and upper and lower extremities along with a severe headache. On examination her blood pressure (BP) was elevated at 171/107 mmHg. Her pulse 81 beats per minute (bpm), respiratory rate 15 breaths per minutes, and temperature was 36.4  °C. Her urine sample showed ++ 2 proteinuria. There was evidence of oedema in her face and upper and lower extremities and her lower deep tendon reflexes were brisk but without any clonus. JB denied any visual disturbances and epigastric pain. On palpitation of the abdomen, the symphysio-fundal height was 38cm. The fetal lie was longitudinal and the back appeared to be on the right. The presentation appeared to be cephalic and the head was 3/5 engaged. Electronic fetal monitoring showed fetal heart rate at 135 bpm, with reassuring variability. There was no deceleration and acceleration was normal. It was also noted that contractions were absent. Her antenatal care had been shared between the hospital and her general practitioner and was uneventful until she was admitted to hospital on this occasion. On briefly reviewing JBs past medical history she has seasonal allergies as well as long standing asthma in which she uses salbutamol inhaler to relieve her symptoms. JB also has a history of depression. In her family history her father suffers from hypertension as well as cirrhosis and her mother has a remarkable medical history of extensive medical conditions such as hypertension, angina, and transient ischemic accidents. Both her maternal grandparents had a history of type 2 diabetes. With regards to her social history, JB works as a customer assistant and lives with her partner. JB has never smoked, and has not taken alcohol since finding out she was pregnant. Her past obstetric history is remarkable for recurrent miscarriages. She had two miscarriages at 6-8 weeks and one ectopic pregnancy a year and a half ago which miscarried naturally at 10 weeks. The initial investigations showed; a normal full blood count, liver enzymes and creatinine. However urate (0.37 mmol/l) and the protein: creatinine ratio (44 mg/mmol) levels were elevated. JB is demonstrating key cardinal symptoms of pre-eclampsia including hypertension, proteinuria, oedema, and increased reflexes.1 A diagnosis of severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia was made, JB was admitted and treatment was commenced with 10mg nifedipine. With JB being admitted onto the ward, there was continuous monitoring of BP and fetal monitoring using cardiotocography (CTG). The next morning JBs BP stabilised to 128/74 mm Hg and she reported feeling better. With the BP stable and a reassuring CTG a decision to induce delivery was made and she was given Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) over three days. However there was poor response and the cervix remained obstinately unchanged and so it was decided the baby would need to be delivered via caesarean section. Section B: Pathophysiology Pre-eclampsia is part of a range of conditions known as the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.2 It is defined as a multisystem disorder characterised by the new onset of raised BP (≠¥140/90 mm Hg) and proteinuria (at least 1 + on dipstick or ≠¥0.3 g/24 hours) after 20 weeks of gestation.3-5 Although the triggering event initiating the syndrome is unknown, a two stage model of pre-eclampsia has been proposed (figure 1).1,6-9 The primary asymptomatic stage, characterised by inadequate remodelling of the placental vasculature during the first trimester results in reduced placental perfusion leading to placental ischemia and release of placental products into the maternal circulation.1,6,7 Consequently this initiates the second symptomatic stage, the maternal syndrome in which endothelial dysfunction precedes the clinical manifestations of the disease including characteristic hypertension, proteinuria, and glomerular endotheliosis.1,6,7 There is also risk for developing the H ELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets), progression to eclampsia, and end-organ damage.1,6,7 Stage 1 In normal pregnancy, following implantation, the surface trophoblast cells of the adhering blastocyst differentiate into an inner cellular layer, the cytotrophoblast, and an outer syncytiotrophoblast.10,11 The undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts found in the inner layer can develop into hormonally active villous syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous anchoring trophoblastic cell columns, and invasive intermediate trophoblasts.10 The extravillous trophoblastic cells proliferate from the tips of anchoring chorionic villi to form the cytotrophoblast shell which line the uterine cavity.10,11 Cytotrophoblasts continue to migrate through the uterine endometrium until they reach the spiral arteries, by which time they have differentiated into an endothelial-like cell type.10,11 Endovascular trophoblast cells begin to remodel the spiral arteries by replacing the endothelium and smooth muscle cells resulting in the destruction of medial elastic, muscular and neural tissue.10-12 These physiological changes result in an increased vessel diameter leading to the creation of a low-resistance arteriolar system with the absence of maternal vasomotor control, and therefore allowing a notable increase in blood supply to the developing fetus.7,10 In pre-eclampsia this physiological dilatation does not occur adequately thus resulting in placental hypoperfusion and ischemia.1,8,10 The ischemic placenta may lead to the production of cytokines and growth factors as well as simulate placental apoptosis or necrosis, resulting in release of humoral or particulate materials into maternal systemic circulation that promote generalised maternal vascular endothelium dysfunction, culminating in the clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia.1,8,10 The invasion of trophoblast cells is regulated by factors expressed by the decidual barrier.7,10 These factors include cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix, proteinases, growth factors and cytokines.7,10 Malfunctions in any these factors may lead to poor trophoblast invasion and subsequently pre-eclampsia.7,10 Immunological factors play a main factor in pre-eclampsia.7,10,11 Abnormal placentation may be the result of maternal immune rejection of paternal antigens expressed by the fetus. Normally HLA-G, a class 1B MHC antigen, expressed by the extravillous trophoblasts protects from natural killer cell lysis.11-13 Women who develop pre-eclampsia do not appear to express this HLA-G and therefore are not protected.7,10 Stage 2 The clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia can be linked to the pathophysiological changes that occur including vasoconstriction, activation of coagulation cascade and reduced plasma volume.14 Development of hypertension is a key feature of pre-eclampsia.1,8,14 During normal pregnancy, although through maternal physiological adaptations there is a 30-50 % increase in cardiac output, the decrease in peripheral vascular resistance results in decreased arterial BP.14 However, those who develop pre-eclampsia experience widespread vasoconstriction, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac output.1,13 Evidence shows there to be an exaggerated sensitivity of the vasculature of women with pre-eclampsia to all vasopressors hormones, best known is the increased responsiveness to angiotensin II.1,13 This increase in vascular reactivity is thought to be due to an alteration in the balance of prostaglandins as a result to the damage to vascular endothelial damage.1 JBs BP when she presented was 171/107 mm Hg. This is a considerably elevated and can be defined as severe pre-eclampsia (≠¥160 / ≠¥110 mm Hg).2-4 Although fluid retention and oedema occurs in patients with pre-eclampsia they are also a feature of normal pregnancy.1 Plasma volume increases by approximately 50% in uncomplicated gestations and normal gravidas sometimes experience oedema.1 However in pre-eclampsia plasma volume is decreased by 15-20% and in these cases women experience rapid weight gain and generalised oedema as a result of an abnormal shift of extracellular fluid (ECF) from the vascular to the extravascular compartment hence maintaining a low plasma volume and an increased interstitial fluid volume.1,14,17 With excessive accumulation of interstitial ECF, the presence of peripheral oedema particularly in the face and hands is seen. JB haemoglobulin was 130g/l, reflecting the haemoconcentration seen in pre-eclampsia as a consequence of the reduced intravascular volume.1 Women with pre-eclampsia also have noticeably reduced renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).1 The decline in RPF is attributed to vasoconstriction, whereas the fall in GFR is related both to the decline in RPF as well as to the morphological changes in the kidney.1 These characteristic pathological changes of pre-eclampsia are known as glomerular endotheliosis and comprise mainly of diffuse glomerular endothelial cell swelling, enough to obstruct the capillary lumen.1,7,8,13,15 The morphologic lesion is accompanied by functional changes in renal hemodynamics which correlates best with the magnitude of hyperuricemia and proteinuria.1,5 Early to middle pregnancy serum uric acid usually falls well below 0.24 mmol/l, in patients with pre-eclampsia levels often rise >0.27 mmol/l as seen in the case of JB (0.37 mmol/l).14 A number of studies have correlated the rise in serum uric acid with the severity of pre-eclampsia and with the extent of glomerular injury.5,8 JBs PCR levels was also measured to estimate the extent of proteinuria. The result recorded 44 mg/mmol predicts significant proteinuria, the threshold being >30mg/mmol.17 Left untreated, pre-eclampsia can proceed to life threatening convulsions termed eclampsia.18 Another specific complication that can arise from pre-eclampsia is the HELLP syndrome, which is illustrated by the sudden appearance of a microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, elevation of liver enzymes and a rapidly falling platelet count.18 In these cases rapid interruption of pregnancy is required to avoid hepatic or renal failure, sepsis, or even death.1,6,7,15,18 Section C: Management Treatment for hypertension in pregnancy raises a series of challenges to the healthcare team.17 An in-depth knowledge of the adaptive physiological, psychological and social processes is required in order to choose the optimal management for the mother and her fetus.17,19 Incomplete understanding of the aetiology in pre-eclampsia has hindered attempts at prevention.12,17 However effective and adequate prenatal care management of pre-eclampsia has led to the reduced mortality related to this disorder.15,16 This includes early detection and referral of women at high risk, careful monitoring with prevention and treatment of complications, and a decision regarding timely delivery.15,16 Delivery remains the definitive treatment for pre-eclampsia even though the disease progression may not resolve immediately.8 Following diagnosis of pre-eclampsia, management relies on the initial observations recorded of both mother and fetus.4,16 The central goal of management of pre-eclampsia is ultimately to protect the wellbeing of the mother and prevent progression to eclampsia and then the delivery of a healthy newborn.4,16 While delivery is always suitable for the mother, it might not be appropriate for a premature fetus.4,16 Therefore the decision to deliver is influenced by the mothers condition, gestational age and status of fetus at the time of assessment.4,16 JBs management was given in accordance to guidelines from Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.5,17 Based on JB diagnosis at 36.5 weeks she was admitted to hospital with the decision to induce labour and allow a vaginal delivery. Observations of vital signs including BP, heart rate, oxygen saturations, and respiratory rate were recorded every 15 minutes along with continuous CTG monitoring.5,15 A 10 mg dose of oral anti-hypertensive nifedipine was given to stabilize her BP before she could be induced. The sole need to treat is to prevent the hemorrhagic squeal of hypertension, in particular cerebral haemorrhage, rather than alter the progression of the disease process.2 Antihypertensive drug therapy is advised for pregnant women with systolic BP of ≠¥ 160 or diastolic BP ≠¥ 110 mm Hg.2,5,17 The goal of treatment is to lower systolic pressure to 130-150 mmHg and diastolic pressure to 80-100 mmHg.5,17 It is also important that BP is lowered gradually to prevent hypotension as placental perfusion can be adversely affected and compromise the fetus15. With a conservative management plan in place and JB stable, the BP was measured every four hours during the day. Full blood count, renal and liver function tests, were all carried out daily.5,17 There are many possible choices of antihypertensives that are appropriate in pregnancy.8 Methyldopa and labetalol are first line antihypertensive drugs used in treatment of pre-eclampsia.4,5 Methyldopa is a centrally acting alpha2 agonist that reduces sympathetic outflow activity.15,20 Although it has a long track safety record, due to the common drug side effects of depression, in the case of JB with a history of depression it was agreed an alternative should be used.14,15 The use of labetalol was also contraindicated in JB case as she is asthmatic.5 Labetalol is a non selective beta blocker and a selective alpha blocker.15,21 As both of these were contraindicated in JB case, nifedipine was prescribed instead. Nifedipine is a type 2 calcium channel blocker which is usually used as a second line agent in cases where BP is noncompliant to treatment with methyldopa and beta blockers.15,20,21 It acts by inhibiting the inward transfer of calcium ions from extracellular space and by the inhibition of uptake by smooth muscle cells.15,20,21 Its primary effect is to cause smooth muscles relaxation.15,20,21 Nifedipine has become a widely used antihypertensive, owing to its ability to vasodilate the vasculature with rapid onset and its full reversibility on discontinuing the drug.15,20,21 With respect to use of drugs in pregnancy, nifedipine has been rated as a Category C drug.21 This means that its use is recommended only when likely maternal benefits are seen to outweigh possible fetal effects, as the teratogenic effect of the drug on the fetus is uncertain.21 Once the BP was stabilized, induction of labour commenced. It is recommended that women in presence of severe pre-eclampsia at or beyond 34 weeks gestation to be induced to prevent the progression of the disease to eclampsia.5 Induction of labour was stimulated via PGE2, which contains dinoprostone. Its mechanisms of action are similar to the natural cervical ripening process.22,23 It is administered intravaginally to induce cervical ripening by directly softening the cervix, relaxing the cervical smooth muscle, and producing uterine contractions.22,23 There has been some debate of the use of dinoprostone in women with a history of asthma; however PGE2 is a bronchodilator, thus not contraindicated to use, in JB case. 23 For women whom there is a concern about the risk of eclampsia, it is recommended they receive magnesium sulphate as a prophylactic to protect against seizures, however in JBs case it was held off. The MAGPIE study demonstrates that the risk of eclampsia is more than halved in these women.5,8,24 However, it is also worth noting that only 1-2 % of pre-eclamptic women in the UK had fitted in the absence of anticonvulsant treatment.24 After magnesium sulphate is administered, extra caution is needed due to the potency of the drug which can lead to respiratory depression especially where nifedipine has previously been taken.21 When magnesium sulphate has been prescribed, it should be continued at least 24 hours post partum, as the risk of eclampsia does not resolve immediately after delivery. 5,14,15,24 The majority of women following deliver with severe pre-eclampsia will require inpatient care for four days or more.5 JB was discharged on the forth day after careful review of her clinical signs. She was continued on her anti hypertensive treatment, and was to be reviewed as an outpatient. JB was also offered a postnatal follow up to discuss the events of the pregnancy as well as preconception counselling.5 Section D: Psychological and Social Aspects Epidemiology Pre-eclampsia complicates about 2-8 % of pregnancies and may have serious effects on the mother and child, which makes it important threat to pubic health in both developed and developing countries. 2,24,25 Worldwide maternal mortality and morbidity from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia remains high, it is estimated to be responsible for approximately 12 % of maternal deaths per year. 24 It is estimated that pre-eclampsia is accountable for 67% of the referrals to day care assessment units, 20% of antenatal admission and 25% of obstetric admissions to intensive care units in the UK .26 The cost of treating pre-eclampsia varies between  £500- £10000 including the sum of hospital stay, induction costs, mode of birth, and pre-admission costs.17 Due to improvements in antenatal care in the UK, syndrome of eclampsia and development of HELLP syndrome is now rare.17 Eclampsia is reported in 1 in 2000 pregnancies.8,15,25 Also perinatal mortality rates are gradually improving, due to advances in antenatal care, early detection, improved anaesthesia, early delivery and expert neonatal paediatric care.15 Factors associated with an increase risk of pre-eclampsia include nullparity, African-American ethnic background, multiple gestations, obesity, chronic hypertension, molar pregnancy, family history of pre-eclampsia and a previous history of pre-eclampsia.4,8 Psychosocial Women who experience pre-eclampsia are exposed to significant amount of psychological and social stress.27 These stress disturbances in turn may have a significant impact on the mother and baby during the important early months following delivery.27,28 Pre-eclampsia is a disease which develops without warning therefore as JB reported, she found herself having to deal with the unexpected and dramatic changes in fetal health risk as well as her own all of a sudden. The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia initiates feelings of fear, shock, and sometimes even disbelief particularly to those experiencing it well before term. Shock comes from the fact that they were being hospitalised and felt unprepared for delivery.27,28 JB was very nervous after being admitted to hospital as she and her baby were regularly monitored and the realisation of the serious consequences the disease possess.28,29 There was also a sense of frustration as well as disempowerment as JB felt she had no control over the situation, and it was no longer just a personal responsibility. These feelings were amplified through the lack of sufficient information given on the disease, not completely informed about her actual situation, and on the medical decisions being made.27,28 JB was very emotional as she felt responsible for developing pre-eclampsia and worried about the risks she may have propelled on her child. Other psychological stresses were requirement of bed rest, boredom and being separated from her partner during hospitalisation.28 For those women who are diagnosed well before term, there is a greater risk of prematurity.28 These women being unprepared for the experience of delivering a premature baby can be a major component of shock and fear experienced. When progression of disease leads to complications, an emergency caesarean section which is usually performed can be very traumatic experience and life can suddenly be thrown into chaos. 27,28 These women usually have less early contact with there baby and are less likely to breast feed as they are recovering from surgery.27,28 For those who unfortunately loose their baby, they will be faced with the complex and traumatic events of grieving. This grieving process can be coupled to relationship problems as partners usually grieve differently.28 Women with pre-eclampsia are at increased risk of reoccurrence with subsequent pregnancies; therefore it is important they are advised of this if they wish to conceive again.28,30 The experience of severe pre-eclampsia may be overwhelmingly stressful. There is little time to adjust to new realities. Women may blame themselves adding the burden of guilt to the acute emotional chaos that follows diagnosis. Conclusion In conclusion, pre-eclampsia remains a global problem and a clinical challenge. It is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. As the triggering factors remain unknown, prevention of the disease becomes difficult. At present, the only treatment option for pre-eclampsia is delivery, but this is not always simple and usually involves a risk-benefit balance between health of mother and the maturity of the fetus.

Engineering Plan :: essays research papers

Engineering Plan We plan to implement the basic multi-cycle processor design as shown in the textbook, as well as pipelining and â€Å"jump and link†. The toughest part of this design will be the datapath control, for which we will be using a FSM. The ALU will implement add, sub, and, or, sll, and slt functions – though a separate block is typically used for shift operations, we felt that putting sll and srl in the ALU would simplify our design. All other basic functions (lw, sw, lui, beq, bne, j) will be implemented as show in the textbook. The processor will have two main stages: load instructions into memory and execute instructions. Special instruction codes will be defined as â€Å"stall† and â€Å"stop execution† to work in conjunction with the FSM. The global reset will set all memory and registers to 0, and put the FSM in â€Å"load instructions mode†. We would like to use one memory module to store both instructions and data (with instructions starting at 0 and going up, and memory starting at the highest address and going down), however this design would present some addressing headaches so we will most likely use separate memory modules for instructions and data. The main part of the pipelining implementation will be the hazard detection unit. We plan to have this work independent of the datapath control FSM as so to simplify FSM design. The hazard detection unit will control muxes to drive register forwarding and will issue stall instructions directly to the instruction register when needed. â€Å"Jump and link† will make use of a specially designated register (most likely one of the upper registers, since those aren’t used in the provided test function). Muxes will be used to feed the PC+4 into the regfile and the regfile output into the PC register. The datapath control FSM will control these muxes.

Criminal Justice vs. Community Justice Essay -- Crime Papers

Criminal Justice vs. Community Justice Crime is defined as an act or omission that the law makes punishable. There are different ways in dealing with crime. One, our current system, is the criminal justice approach. Also known as retributive justice, this system is more offender directed than anything else. The other system, which many people think is better, is the community justice, or restorative approach. The restorative approach is much more victim oriented. There is a debate over which system should be used to deal with crime. The two differ in many ways. One of the areas in which the two differ is the question of whom is the crime a violation of? The criminal justice system believes that crimes are a violation against the state and are punished by the state. On the other hand, the community justice system says that crimes are a violation of the offender, and the community directly affected by it. The focus of criminal justice is retribution. It is focused on the offender and punishing that person for their crime by imprisonment and other punishments. The community justice system is focused on restoration. Community Justice looks to help the victim deal with the violation and try to get back whatever, if any, possessions were lost in the crime. The proceedings, in which a resolution is made, are entirely different between the two. At a criminal justice proceeding, the case is tried by a state prosecutor, in front of a judge and decided by a jury. Other than testifying and possibly a victim impact statement, the victim does not have much say in the case. But in a community justice proceeding it is quite the opposite. All parties involved (which include the offender, the victim, both families, any other p... ... community. Church support groups help offenders who are trying to change there life patterns. One of the major advantages of these programs is that offenders leave the corrections system with greater skills than when they entered into it. As, for being more victim oriented, victims have the chance to shape the obligations the offender has to repair the harm. Also, with the many programs for the victim, including the mediation and government support for victims, they do not feel left out of what goes on after the crime. An argument could last forever on which system is better and why. A better way to look at dealing with crime is to look at it not as this system versus that one , but how can we join the two for a better system. Each has attributes that are necessary , and combining them together would be a good start on the question of how to deal with crime.

Television, Newspaper, Magazine, and Other Media Pay Too Much Attention to the Personal Lives of Famous People

As the coming age of mass media, almost everyone will unavoidablely be influenced by television, newspapers, and even the World Wide Web–the Internet. Famous people are the only group the masses most concern. Convenient media approaches make every day's behaviors of famous people available to average people. Commercial management of media brings about the excessive attention to the personal lives of famous people. To begin with, after television and broadcast, Internet is becoming the most popular and convenient way for information. Because social celebrities are always the focus of news, many websites have to endeavor a lot to publish relevant news. Besides the convenient access to news, Internet is also a fascinating place where normal people can announce their opinions and communicate with each other without obstacles. So the personal lives of famous people could consistently be the hottest issue on the website. Concerning the significant influence of famous people, several well-known news websites established special areas on its websites to provide up-to-date information about famous people’s personal lives. Not just what I have mentioned above, maybe someone merely cannot satisfy about these, and even several public figures start personal websites and blogs to cater for the appetite of the mass. According to recent news, the visit rate of the blog of Xu Jinglei, who is a famous actress in mainland of China, has broken through 1 billion. The blog memorizes almost every details about her work and usual life. In comparison, the relevant websites about mass health care and charity service are not that attractive. Moreover, some cunning news companies always exaggerate the plots about celebrities’ personal affairs for commercial purpose. By reading many different newspapers in USA, you will see that President Bush's pictures published can not be so funny. Those entire pictures exhibit the behaviors of Bush were so awkward and indecent. Why do those newspaper's editors use such pictures? The answer can not be too clear. The editors want to allure as many people as possible by using the people's curiosity to famous people. Obviously, it is the audience who are the very motive for the excessive attention of the media. In conclusion, the convenient media approaches and the curiosity of ordinary people render the personal lives of famous people always open for discussing and debating, and media has pay too much attention about these.

How does Stevenson present the conflict between good and evil in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’? Essay

‘Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ is a novella by Robert Louis Stevenson set in Victorian London and written in 1886. It can be said that Stevenson took ideas directly from his own experiences when creating the plot, as many aspects of the novella can be compared directly to his life. Stevenson grew up in Edinburgh, which had the same dramatic contrast between the rich and the poor sides as the London in which ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ is set and it is clear that he was influenced by the things he saw when going about his every day life; the divide between wealth and poverty. The idea of the unhappily conflicted personality of Jekyll could easily be based upon himself; the young Stevenson aspired to become a writer but this profession was looked down on by society as writers were seen as leading immoral and hedonistic lifestyles. His parents certainly disapproved of his choice and wanted him to pursue a more respectable career. Stevenson decided to take a law degree, but did not stop writing, thereby creating for himself a double life. The genre of the book is gothic horror and could also be said to have elements of science fiction. One clear influence would be ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley, written in 1818. This, like ‘Jekyll and Hyde’, has themes of the worrying developments in science and compromising morality as well as controversial comments on society. Another source of inspiration is the 1859 book by Charles Darwin: ‘Origin of the Species’ in which Darwin looks in depth at the ideas of evolution. This book was particularly shocking since it suggested that all human beings were once animals, which were believed to not have souls. Such an outrageous statement clearly contradicted the views of the religious majority. The period in which ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ was written is important because of the rigid morals held by most people in Victorian England. There were clear divides between classes, where the rich and the poor were considered as almost complete different races. This meant that there was a great deal of hypocrisy; respected unmarried men were often encouraged to meet with prostitutes but the women themselves were considered as disgustingly immoral. People had prejudices against anybody who looked strange or different, strongly adhering to the idea of physiognomy; that a person’s personality could be defined by their appearance. This was also a time where many new breakthroughs were being made in science and people were beginning to worry about the moral side of what was being done, and fearing that scientists were attempting to concern themselves with divine matters. This meant that scientists were often not very well thought of. The main theme in ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ is the divide of good and evil and the duality of mankind. This was particularly relevant in the society of the time as several characters were beginning to emerge that had appeared respectable members of society and turned out to be less than perfect. The most famous example of this is Jack the Ripper, who was believed to be a surgeon or at least have detailed anatomical knowledge. Other examples are Burke and Hare, two infamous men who sold stolen bodies and then victims that they themselves had murdered to be used in medical research. This was highly disturbing, particularly since their main client Dr Knox must have known that the bodies they were receiving did not come from moral sources. Another example in the society of the time was Deacon Brodie, a respected cabinet maker who was also a skilled burglar. ‘Jekyll and Hyde’ tells the story of wealthy doctor Henry Jekyll, whose ideas that a human being had both good and evil inside them led him to attempting to split up a person’s personality. His experiment worked, however not entirely as he would have wanted, as he had managed to create and physically transform into a personification of his own malignance who he dubbed ‘Edward Hyde.’ He soon discovered that the reckless lack of morals and fury of Hyde were highly addictive and he found himself going about under the guise of his other self and committing atrocities. Eventually he realised that he was being rapidly taken over by Hyde and was unable to give him up. He was also running out of the drug that enabled him to transform back into Jekyll, and he discovered to his horror that he could not recreate the original mixture. He wrote an account of what had happened to his friend, Gabriel Utterson, and then committed suicide to kill both himself and Hyde. The different elements of the plot fit together seamlessly, and at times this appears a little too coincidental such as a letter to Utterson being found upon the murdered Danvers Carew and Utterson so easily being able to find out that Jekyll and Hyde had such similar handwriting through his clerk Guest. Instead of using Jekyll as the storyteller, Stevenson uses an embedded narrative by having Utterson as the main narrator. This means that we see the story from the perspective of somebody who is not directly involved and therefore means that the reader does not see the full truth until the end when everything is explained from the viewpoint of the doctor Lanyon and then Jekyll himself. This adds realism to the story, as each narrator is a completely different character. For example, Lanyon’s description of events is much more factual and Jekyll’s uses intelligent metaphors and detailed imagery. The narrative is achronological, meaning that the story is not portrayed in chronological order. Rather, we experience the tale with Utterson first, and then are filled in on events that happened previously by Lanyon, and finally told all that had happened by Jekyll, starting from long before we were first introduced into the plot. This means that we are almost plunged into the n arrative ‘in media res’ as we start off from the middle of the story. While Lanyon and Jekyll give us clear first person accounts, Utterson is described in the third person, and this helps us to understand the flaws of his personality and therefore understand him more. It gives us a less biased perspective as we are enabled to make up our own opinions as well as learning Utterson’s views on what is happening. Stevenson wants us to trust Utterson as a person so that we will trust his judgment, giving him a dull and controlled personality so that his perceptions will appear more likely and lead us to making false conclusions so that the actual outcome of the tale is a complete shock to us as well as to Utterson. His narrative makes the story more believable than if we had been told everything directly by Jekyll and also builds up tension and mystery as the lawyer goes out of his way to piece together the trouble his friend is in as well as the profile of the elusive Mr. Hyde. The character that the whole novella is circled around is Dr Henry Jekyll, who is first presented to us as a wealthy man of good taste. A small doubt to his character is put forward as he is described as â€Å"something of a slyish cast perhaps† but then insisting that he was â€Å"every mark of capacity and kindness.† Since Utterson had already suggested to us that Jekyll is in some kind of trouble, we are more likely to feel sorry for him. This is further increased by Jekyll’s apparent terror when Utterson mentions Hyde. He therefore appears as a fairly weak person who is being manipulated by Hyde. We learn a lot more about him when we read his first person account. Jekyll’s flaws become more obvious and we realise that he is not as he originally appeared. His language shows us that he is extremely intelligent and insightful, and idealistic enough to believe that his reckless experiments could change mankind for the better. He does appear fairly weak in character, as he clearly enjoyed the new feelings that being Hyde allowed him. He says that he â€Å"felt younger, lighter, happier in body; within I was conscious of a heady recklessness, a current disordered sensual images running like a mill race in my fancy, a solution out of the bonds of obligation, and unknown but not an innocent freedom of the soul.† Clearly, he found it refreshing to be able to take the body of a younger and fitter man, particularly one who was not governed by moral boundaries. He continued to take the potion even though he knew that his new self was purely evil until he could not stop, which shows that he was acting for himself now instead of continuing his research. He keeps himself free from guilt by not accepting any responsibility for Hyde’s crimes, insisting â€Å"it was Hyde, after all, and Hyde alone, that was guilty.† Therefore, he completely disassociates his other half from himself. He appeared to feel remorse for the murder of Sir Danvers Carew, but then decided that it was wholly Hyde’s fault and all that he had to do was use this as an excuse for no longer becoming Hyde, which shows him to be a hypocrite. But he also becomes distanced from his original self, referring to Jekyll in the first person and seeing the visage of the doctor as just as much of a mask as becoming Hyde, talking about the two halves of himself as equals despite Hyde being completely malignant while Jekyll was a â€Å"composite.† This would mean that evil was the greatest force and he had inadvertently moved â€Å"toward the worse† as he feared after the first transformation. He actually considers staying as Hyde for the rest of his life when forced to make a choice, but decides that he prefers to be Jekyll, well-liked and a man of reputation. Despite being taken over almost entirely by Hyde, Jekyll still has the strength to end his own life and thereby killing Hyde. Jekyll speaks in a respectful manner when addressing others, but we do not really learn much about him before the first person account. Here, it is clear that he is a man of excellent schooling and with a wide imagination. His language is flowing and descriptive, using metaphors such as â€Å"the Babylonian finger on the wall† and analysing ideas in psychology that were beyond his time, in fact also beyond Stevenson’s. To the reader, Jekyll represents the average man. He is curious and ambitious, and often feels conflicted from the strains of his life. He is tempted by pleasure, and makes the wrong decisions due to this. Also, he appears as quite proud and egotistical, thinking that his clever tricks can keep him out of trouble and that he is completely safe. This leads him to his own downfall. Hyde is the physical embodiment of the evil element of mankind. He is utterly immoral and feels absolutely no regret for any of the dissolute crimes he commits, in fact he is delighted by them. For example when he kills Danvers Carew, he â€Å"mauled the unresisting body, tasting delight from every blow.† His appearance is very important as everybody who meets him instantly dislikes him although they do not quite know how. He is described as â€Å"pale and dwarfish; he gave an impression of deformity without any nameable malformation.† Jekyll supposes that Hyde’s small stature is due to him only being a part of a whole; the personification of one aspect of Jekyll’s character. The immediate hatred he provokes when he comes into contacts with others shows how he has an aura of profligacy that can be sensed even when there is no reason to dislike him. For example, when Lanyon met him for the first time knowing nothing about him, he says that he too was filled with the same irrational hatred, telling Utterson that he was surprised by â€Å"the odd, subjective disturbance caused by his neighbourhood.† In fact, the only person not repulsed by Hyde is Jekyll himself, whose first response to his other half was â€Å"a leap of welcome,† although in time he grows to truly hate him. Hyde does not care about anybody, but he clearly cares about his own welfare as he takes measures to protect himself from capture after committing crimes, and is afraid of death. This is clear when Jekyll says that Hyde commits â€Å"temporary suicide† by returning to Jekyll’s body and safety. Hyde does not hate Jekyll in himself, but hates being imprisoned inside him and that Jekyll has the strength to cage him and destroy him. He cannot hurt Jekyll without hurting himself, so resorts to showing his loathing of Jekyll by playing childish spiteful tricks on him. Jekyll describes Hyde as â€Å"ape-like† and â€Å"troglodytic,† suggesting that he is not only inhuman but pre-human. This takes ideas from the theory of evolution by Darwin, and could mean that Hyde is a step back in evolution and therefore fuelled by natural instincts rather than carefully considered thought. His emotions are very extreme; he is filled with a mixture of rage, joy and fear. He tends to act on impulse by striking out when he is enraged without any thought of the consequences. This idea of Hyde being more of a beast than a human being also plays with the ideas of religious Victorians that animals did not have souls and would not go to heaven. Hyde converses with others with a cold sarcastic politeness, speaking courteously enough unless angered. He is not initially rude when forced into a conversation with Utterson, but may have recognised him as a friend of Jekyll who it would not be wise to draw attention from. His temper flares very easily, and he can do anything when this happens. He is in a furious mood when Jekyll lets him takes control again, and this leads to his attack on Danvers Carew. When he is caught in public without his potion, he strikes a woman in the face for attempting to talk with him, and is close to assaulting the driver of a cab taking him to safety. He uses sharp plosives such as â€Å"blasted by a prodigy† and using short sentences which gives the impression of faster and more violent speech. Gabriel Utterson is the first character introduced to the reader. He is described as being â€Å"slow in sentiment, lean, long, dusty, dreary, and yet somehow lovable,† which makes him sound to be a very uninteresting person but adds a positive adjective so that he isn’t perceived as having a bad personality. Stevenson introduces him first to add realism to the impossible plot and to get the reader to place their trust in him as a person, not just as a narrator. He is reserved and doesn’t like to get involved, proven when he said â€Å"I let my brother go to the devil his own way.† However, this original philosophy is reverted when he is told about Hyde and realises that his close friend Jekyll must be in trouble. Utterson ends up being the one most involved in Jekyll’s problems, actively seeking out Hyde and looking for answers. He does not like to gossip, and agrees with Enfield that speaking less about things is a good idea. Utterson appears to think that reputation is of great importance and he barely changes his stiff routine even during emergencies such as Carew’s death. Utterson appears to be well-liked and trustable in general, as both Jekyll and Lanyon regard him as a good friend and it is said that â€Å"hosts loved to detain the dry lawyer.† Utterson does not make friends easily, but â€Å"his affections, like ivy, were the growth of time;† he makes friends for life. This shows with how he worries about Jekyll. The effect Hyde has on such a boring man is remarkable, as Utterson is filled with fear and curiosity despite not having even met the man yet. He begins to suffer from lack of sleep as he ponders his friend’s predicament, picturing Hyde as some kind of demon with a terrible power over Jekyll. This shows that even though Utterson is not a very imaginative man, he is conjuring up images of this unknown monster which frighten him. He seems to be a brave man when searching for and then facing Hyde, especially as he begins to learn what the man is capable of, which proves him to be quite a selfless person when it comes to helping his friends despite what he had originally said about keeping out of other people’s business. Dr Hastie Lanyon is a mutual friend of Jekyll and Utterson, and his help is required by Hyde in order to transform back into Jekyll when he transforms in Regent’s Park without his potion. The shock of seeing the depraved Hyde physically becoming his friend Jekyll causes Lanyon to become very ill and he dies soon after. Lanyon is described as a â€Å"hearty, healthy, dapper, red-faced gentle-man† the first time he is shown to the reader, but by the time of his death he had become â€Å"pale; his flesh had fallen away; he was visibly balder and older† which shows the effects of discovering Jekyll’s secret. Lanyon is a doctor of empirical science and clearly disapproves of Jekyll’s wild ideas. He claims that Jekyll â€Å"began to go wrong, wrong in mind† and calls his work â€Å"unscientific balderdash.† This implies that Jekyll had told Lanyon some of his ideas, and the disagreement over this had separated the two friends. Hyde taunts Lanyon about this when about to take the potion to turn back into Jekyll, saying â€Å"you have denied the virtue of transcendental medicine, you who have derided your superiors.† Despite Hyde playing on the rift between them, Jekyll still greatly respects Lanyon and apparently the reaction of his friend affected him a lot more than Carew’s murder. Just as Hyde represents evil in the story, Lanyon represents good. He is jovial, kind, and although he had a grudge against Jekyll due to the unusual experiments he is carrying out, it seems likely that he would in due course forgive him. He does still consider Jekyll his friend, despite often referring to him as insane and apparently not trusting him. The knowledge of exactly what his friend had become destroyed him completely, and he became too afraid to speak of it or even to sleep. He tells Utterson that he knows that he is dying and seems to have resigned himself to the fact, but says that he will â€Å"die incredulous† as the horrific scene he had witnessed defied all scientific logic that the sensible man could ever consider. He cannot cope with the impossible reality of what he has seen. Jekyll’s butler Poole is of a lower class than the other characters and consequently uses non-standard English. However, Stevenson contradicts the common assumption that common servants were ignorant and foolish by making Poole, although uneducated, a fairly clever character. Poole has picked up on the problems his master is having, and has begun to try and work out what is going on. He has realised that Hyde is in the house in Jekyll’s place, and attempts to argue his intuition against Utterson’s wistful logic, with Poole turning out to be right. Poole turns out to be a useful character, helping bring Utterson to discover the truth. Another critique of society’s views is the character Enfield, described as a â€Å"well-known man about town,† who is of upper class and yet appears to be not exactly perfect. Enfield tells Utterson that he was â€Å"coming home from some place at the end of the world, about three o’clock [in the morning],† casually implying that he was visiting somewhere unsuitable; a popular pastime that the wealthy glossed over. Stevenson uses a great deal of language techniques to put across the sinister tale of ‘Jekyll and Hyde.’ He starts the novel with a description of the narrator Utterson and his friend Enfield, using humour when he tells the reader about the apparent incompatibility between the men and how they insisted on going on walks that neither of them appeared to enjoy. This is effective because Enfield’s story is a good way to lead into the main tale, and we are thereby introduced to a few crucial elements of the story. For example, the back door which leads to Jekyll’s laboratory, although this isn’t revealed until later on. It appears to ruin the appearance of the street, a blemish on an aesthetically pleasing area, drawing in unsavoury characters such as the homeless and rowdy children. The whole idea of the two doors is a clever metaphor for the theme of good against evil, as Hyde could enter through the decrepit back of the house and emerge from the front as Jekyll. Stevenson employs many similar metaphors, such as the use of physiognomy to suggest Hyde’s malevolence and by describing Lanyon, making him sound a kind and cheerful man. Lanyon also has â€Å"a shock of hair prematurely white†, the colour white carrying with it connotations of purity and strengthening his character. Hyde’s visage is hidden by a mask when moving around Jekyll’s house, symbolising Jekyll’s longing to keep his devil hidden away. Another technique used is the image of angry citizens crowding around the cold, sneering Hyde, each one filled with â€Å"the desire to kill him;† Hyde’s unnatural air of evil turning the normally docile women into â€Å"harpies† that had to be held back lest they attack him. This works well as it opposes th e gender roles in society. One of the most effective tools Stevenson uses is the weather. The first instance of this is during Hyde’s first appearance; it takes place in early morning where everywhere is eerily quiet and dark. It is also night-time when Danvers Carew is killed, this time a full moon which often symbolises unearthly happenings, although the maid who had witnessed the murder contradicts this idea by saying that she had never felt more at peace with the world. When Utterson takes the policeman to Hyde’s house in Soho, it is â€Å"the first fog of the season,† relevant to the previous events since this was Hyde’s first murder and his character was becoming worse and worse in the eye of the reader. The idea of fog creates very vivid imagery, and could be taken as a metaphor for the shrouded truth about Hyde. The mist is broken in some places by sunlight, which could symbolise the hope still left that hasn’t yet been swallowed by darkness. This whole scene has been personified; the fog almost appearing like a creature battling with the wind that was aggressively attempting to drive it away. This scene is suitably supernatural; Utterson describes it as â€Å"a district of some city in a nightmare.† This pathetic fallacy is subverted when Jekyll is in Regent’s Park and transforms into Hyde; it was a blissful, sunny day with all the frost having melted away and â€Å"sweet with Spring odours.† This does not seem like a setting for any villainy, but this is where Hyde appears again, which shows that evil can now happen in beautiful places. The pace of the story depends upon who is telling it, but it is generally slow paced. However, this changes during scenes of action, which builds up tension. The sentences are complex during descriptions, often in a few parts with colons or semi-colons to break them up, but during faster scenes this changes into short sentences with alliteration and plosives and usually more dialogue. This builds the pace of the text and engages the reader. ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ has very universal themes of the good and evil elements of every human being, which means that it just as relevant today as it was when it was written, even if the points put across are less controversial. Stevenson deals with theories of subconscious thought, seen when Jekyll becomes Hyde in his sleep which would suggest that humans are more mentally conscious when asleep, an idea which still hasn’t been completely worked out today. This was very advanced as nobody had yet begun to develop these ideas, until 1901 when Freud published a thesis on the unconscious mind. It is clear in the story that Jekyll quickly grows to hate his creation, but is unable to give it up. This can easily be seen as analogous to modern addictions such as drugs and alcohol, which can seem wonderful in the beginning and then quickly take over your life as Hyde did until it seems impossible to stop. The same patterns can be traced between the feelings from substance abuse and Jekyll’s addiction to the feelings and emotions he felt being Hyde, which shows that this is still very relevant in today’s society. Like Jekyll, modern scientists are being criticized for their research, such as cloning and work into genetics. Some people argue that they are meddling with God’s work, and even those who are not religious may say that this kind of research is immoral and wrong, or that it could lead to problems like diseases if our whole natural system is changed artificially. Even if this does not happen, sometimes human beings can go too far with what they think is right. The thirst for success can often blind people to what they actually want to achieve, for example a scientist working on perfecting human cloning may be purely working for the glory of the discovery rather than improving the world by his findings. This is human arrogance, which was Jekyll’s weakness. I think that the message in Jekyll and Hyde is that although evil dwells naturally within everybody, it can be overcome and that we all have the strength to overcome it. Jekyll’s pride caused his inner demons to take on a life of their own in Hyde, and although it cost him his own life, Jekyll’s morals and conscience were the victor in the end. Stevenson was trying to put forward the idea that humans are not either good or evil, nor are we sane or insane, but we are all the same to being with, built up of different emotions, thoughts and feeling which can lead us one way or another depending on our upbringing, choices, experiences and actions. So although everybody has a potential for evil, they also have a potential for good, and power to overcome evil.